The Characteristics of the Hallmarks of Scientific Research

Questions 1. Describe the hallmarks of scientific research. There are eight characteristics of the hallmarks of scientific research which are purposiveness, rigor, testability, replicability, precision and confidence, objectivity, generalizability and parsimony. Purposiveness is the manager has started the research with a definite aim or purpose. Rigor is connotes carefulness, scrupulousness, and the degree of exactitude in research investigation. Testability is a property that applies to the hypotheses of a study. Replicability is having more faith in the findings of a study if the findings are replicated in another study. Replication demonstrates that our hypotheses have not been supported merely by chance, but are reflective of†¦show more content†¦7) Interpretation of data: Process of arriving at conclusions by interpreting the meaning of the data analysis result. Example: Based on research results, top management concluded that reduced the preparation of raw materials caused by the presence of the parties who conduct fraud by way of reduction in the number of inventories of raw materials that have been defined. 3. One hears the word research being mentioned by several groups such as research organizations, college and university professors, doctoral students, graduate assistants working for faculty, graduate and undergraduate students doing their term papers, research departments in industries, newspaper reporters, journalists, lawyers, doctors, and many others professionals and nonprofessionals. In the light of what you have learned in the chapter, which among the aforementioned groups of people do you think may be doing â€Å"scientific† investigations in the areas of basic or applied research? Why? I think that The Research Organization and The Industrial Research Department are among the groups of people who may conduct scientific investigations in the field of basic or applied research as they are more competent than others. 4. Explain the processes of deduction and induction,Show MoreRelatedWhat Are Scientific Merit?1544 Words   |  7 PagesConcept of Scientific Merit Introduction As future scholars who are working on our PhD, we tend to hear a lot about Scientific Merit. But, that same old question might pop in our mines, which is who really cares? We should, especially if we expect the IRB to approve our research proposal. 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Facts and History of Kazahkstan

Kazakhstan is nominally a presidential republic, although according to many observers, it was a dictatorship under the previous president. The current president is Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, the hand-picked successor of former leader Nursultan Nazarbayev, who had been in office since before the fall of the Soviet Union and had been accused of regularly rigging elections. Kazakhstans parliament has a 39-member senate and a 77-member Majilis, or lower house. Sixty-seven members of the Majilis are popularly elected, though candidates come only from pro-government parties. The parties elect the other 10. Each province and the cities of Astana and Almaty select two senators each; the final seven are appointed by the president. Kazakhstan has a supreme court with 44 judges, as well as district and appellate courts. Fast Facts: Kazakhstan Official Name: Republic of KazakhstanCapital: Nur-SultanPopulation: 18,744,548  (2018)Official Languages: Kazakh, Russian  Currency: Tenge (KZT)Form of Government: Presidential republicClimate: Continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiaridTotal Area: 1,052,085 square miles (2,724,900 square kilometers)Highest Point: Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Pik Khan-Tengri) at 22,950.5 feet (6,995 meters)Lowest Point: Vpadina Kaundy at -433 feet (-132 meters) Population Kazakhstans population is estimated at 18,744,548 people as of 2018. Unusually for Central Asia, the majority of Kazakh citizens—54%—live in urban areas. The largest ethnic group in Kazakhstan is the Kazakhs, who make up 63.1% of the population. Next are the Russians, at 23.7%. Smaller minorities include Uzbeks (2.9%), Ukrainians (2.1%), Uyghurs (1.4%), Tatars (1.3%), Germans (1.1%), and tiny populations of Belarusians, Azeris, Poles, Lithuanians, Koreans, Kurds, Chechens, and Turks. Languages The state language of Kazakhstan is Kazakh, a Turkic language spoken by 64.5% of the population. Russian is the official language of business and the lingua franca, or common language, among all ethnic groups. Kazakh is written in the Cyrillic alphabet, a relic of Russian domination. Nazarbayev had suggested switching to the Latin alphabet but later retracted the suggestion. Religion For decades under the Soviets, religion was officially banned. Since independence in 1991, however, religion has made an impressive comeback. Today, only about 3% of the population are nonbelievers. Of Kazakhstans citizens, 70% are Muslim, mostly Sunni. Christians, predominantly Russian Orthodox, make up 26.6% of the population, with smaller numbers of Catholics and various Protestant denominations. There are also small numbers of Buddhists, Jews, Hindus, Mormons, and Bahai. Geography Kazakhstan is the ninth largest country in the world, at 1,052,085 square miles (2,724,900 square kilometers). One-third of the area is dry steppe land, while much of the rest is grasslands or sandy desert. Kazakhstan borders on Russia to the north, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan to the south, and the Caspian Sea to the west. The highest point in Kazakhstan is Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Pik Khan-Tengri) at 22,950.5 feet (6,995 meters). The lowest point is Vpadina Kaundy at 433 feet (132 meters) below sea level. Climate Kazakhstan has a dry continental climate, meaning that winters are quite cold and summers are warm. Lows can hit -4 F (-20 C) in the winter and snow is common. Summer highs can reach 86 F (30 C), which is mild compared with neighboring countries. Economy Kazakhstans economy is the healthiest among the former Soviet Stans, with an estimated 4%  annual growth rate for 2017. It has strong service and industrial sectors, and agriculture contributes only 5.4% of GDP. The per capita GDP of Kazakhstan is $12,800 US. Unemployment is just 5.5%, and 8.2% of the population live below the poverty line. Kazakhstan exports petroleum products, metals, chemicals, grain, wool, and meat. It imports machinery and food. The currency of Kazakhstan is the tenge. As of October 2019, 1 tenge 0.0026  USD. Early History The area that is now Kazakhstan was settled by humans tens of thousands of years ago and has been dominated by a variety of nomadic peoples. DNA evidence suggests that the horse might have first been domesticated in this region; apples also evolved in Kazakhstan and then were spread to other areas by human cultivators. In historic times, such peoples as the Xiongnu, the Xianbei, the Kyrgyz, the Gokturks, the Uyghurs, and the Karluks have ruled the steppes of Kazakhstan. In 1206, Genghis Khan and the Mongols conquered the area, ruling it until 1368. The Kazakh people came together under the leadership of Janybek Khan and Kerey Khan in 1465, exerting control over what is now Kazakhstan, calling themselves the Kazakh Khanate. The Kazakh Khanate lasted until 1847. Previously, during the early 16th century, the Kazakhs had the foresight to ally themselves with Babur, who went on to found the Mughal Empire in India. By early in the 17th century, the Kazakhs frequently found themselves at war with the powerful Khanate of Bukhara, to the south. The two khanates fought over control of Samarkand and Tashkent, two of the major Silk Road cities of Central Asia. Russian Protection By the mid-18th century, the Kazakhs were facing encroachment from czarist Russia to the north and Qing China in the east. To fend off the threatening Kokand Khanate, the Kazakhs accepted Russian protection in 1822. The Russians ruled through puppets until the death of Kenesary Khan in 1847  and then exerted direct power over Kazakhstan. The Kazakhs resisted their colonization by the Russians. Between 1836 and 1838, the Kazakhs rose up under the leadership of Makhambet Utemisuly and Isatay Taymanuly, but they were unable to throw off Russian domination. An even more serious attempt led by Eset Kotibaruli turned into an anti-colonial war that lasted from 1847, when the Russians imposed direct control, through 1858. Small groups of nomadic Kazakh warriors fought with the Russian Cossacks and with other Kazakhs allied with the czars forces. The war cost hundreds of Kazakh lives, civilians as well as warriors, but Russia made concessions to Kazakh demands in the 1858 peace settlement. In the 1890s, the Russian government began to settle thousands of Russian farmers on Kazakh land, breaking up the pastures and interfering with traditional nomadic patterns of life. By 1912, more than 500,000 Russian farms dotted Kazakh lands, displacing the nomads and causing mass starvation. In 1916, Czar Nicholas II ordered the conscription of all Kazakh and other Central Asian men to fight in World War I. This order sparked the Central Asian Revolt, in which thousands of Kazakhs and other Central Asians were killed and tens of thousands fled to western China or Mongolia. Communist Takeover In the chaos following the Communist takeover of Russia in 1917, the Kazakhs seized their chance to assert their independence, establishing the short-lived Alash Orda, an autonomous government. However, the Soviets retook control of Kazakhstan in 1920. Five years later, they set up the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Kazakh SSR), with its capital at Almaty. It became a non-autonomous Soviet republic in 1936. Under Russian leader Joseph Stalins rule, the Kazakhs and other Central Asians suffered horrifically. Stalin imposed forced villagization on the remaining nomads in 1936 and collectivized agriculture. As a result, more than a million Kazakhs died of starvation and 80% of their livestock perished. Once again, those who were able tried to escape into civil-war ravaged China. During World War II, the Soviets used Kazakhstan as a dumping ground for potentially subversive minorities such as Germans from the western edge of Soviet Russia, Crimean Tatars, Muslims from the Caucasus, and Poles. What little food the Kazakhs had was stretched once more as they tried to feed these starving newcomers. Approximately half the deportees died of starvation or disease. After World War II, Kazakhstan became the least neglected of the Central Asian Soviet Republics. Ethnic Russians flooded in to work in industry, and Kazakhstans coal mines helped supply energy to all of the USSR. The Russians also built one of their major space program sites, the Baikonur Cosmodrome, in Kazakhstan. Nazarbayev Gains Power In September 1989, Nazarbayev, an ethnic Kazakh politician, became the general secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, replacing an ethnic Russian. On December 16, 1991, the Republic of Kazakhstan declared its independence from the crumbling remains of the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan has a growing economy, thanks in large part to its reserves of fossil fuels. It has privatized much of the economy, but Nazarbayev maintained a KGB-style police state  and was accused of rigging elections during his long, five-term tenure. While he was widely expected to run again in 2020, in March 2019 Nazarbayev resigned, and  Senate  Chairman  Tokayev  was tapped to take over as president for the remainder of his term. On June 9, 2019, early elections were held to avoid political uncertainty and Tokayev  was re-elected with 71% of the vote. The Kazakh people have come a long way since 1991, but they have some distance to go before they are truly free of the after-effects of Russian colonization.

The Middle Kingdom Period of Ancient Egypt

Running from the end of the first intermediate period to the start of the second, the Middle Kingdom lasted from about 2055-1650 B.C. It was composed of part of the 11th Dynasty, the 12th Dynasty, and current scholars add the first half of the 13th Dynasty. Predynastic EgyptPharaohs of the Predynastic Period, Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom Middle Kingdom Capital When 1st Intermediate Period Theban king Nebhepetra Mentuhotep II (2055-2004) reunited Egypt, the capital was at Thebes. Twelfth Dynasty king Amenemhat moved the capital to a new town, Amenemhat-itj -tawy (Itjtawy), in the Faiyum region, possibly near the necropolis at Lisht. The capital remained at Itjtawy for the rest of the Middle Kingdom. Middle Kingdom Burials During the Middle Kingdom, there were three types of burials: surface graves, with or without coffinshaft graves, usually with coffintombs with coffin and sarcophagus. Mentuhotep IIs mortuary monument was at Deir-el-Bahri in western Thebes. It was not the saff-tomb type of previous Theban rulers nor the reversion to Old Kingdom types of 12th Dynasty rulers. It had terraces and verandahs with groves of trees. It may have had a square mastaba tomb. His wives tombs were in the complex. Amenemhat II built a pyramid on a platform -- the White Pyramid at Dahshur. Senusret IIIs was a 60-m high mud-brick pyramid at Dashur. Acts of the Middle Kingdom Pharaohs Mentuhotep II made military campaigns in Nubia, which Egypt had lost by the 1st Intermediate Period. So did Senusret I under whom Buhen became Egypts southern border. Mentuhotep III was the first Middle Kingdom ruler to send an expedition to Punt for incense. He also built fortifications at Egypts northeastern border. Senusret instituted the practice of building of monuments at every cult site and paid attention to the cult of Osiris. Khakheperra Senusret II (1877-1870) developed the Faiyum irrigation scheme with dykes and canals. Senusret III (c.1870-1831) campaigned in Nubia and built fortresses. He (and Mentuhotep II) campaigned in Palestine. He may have gotten rid of the nomarchs who had helped cause the breakdown leading to the 1st Intermediate Period. Amenemhat III (c.1831-1786) engaged in mining operations that made heavy use of Asiatics and may have led to the settling of Hyksos in the Nile Delta. At Fayum a dam was built to channel Nile overflow into a natural lake to be used as needed for irrigation. Feudal Hierarchy of the Middle Kingdom There were still nomarchs in the Middle Kingdom, but they were no longer independent and lost power over the period. Under the pharaoh was the vizier, his chief minister, although there may have been 2 at times. There were also chancellor, overseer, and governors of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Towns had mayors. The bureaucracy was supported by taxes assessed in kind on yields (e.g., farm produce). Middle and lower class people were forced into labor which they could avoid only by paying someone else to do it. The pharaoh also gained wealth from mining and trade, which appears to have extended to the Aegean. Osiris, Death, and Religion In the Middle Kingdom, Osiris became the god of the necropolises. Pharaohs had participated in mystery rites for Osiris, but now [rivate individuals also took part in these rites. During this period, all people were thought to have the spiritual force or ba. Like the rites of Osiris, this had formerly been the province of kings. Shabtis were introduced. Mummies were given cartonnage masks. Coffin texts adorned the coffins of ordinary people. Female Pharaoh There was a female pharaoh in the 12th Dynasty, Sobekneferu/Neferusobek, daughter of Amenemhat III, and possibly half-sister of Amenemhet IV. Sobekneferu (or possibly Nitocris of the 6th Dynasty) was the first ruling queen of Egypt. Her rule of Upper and Lower Egypt, lasting 3 years, 10 months and 24 days, according to the Turin Canon, was the last one in the 12th Dynasty. Sources The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. by Ian Shaw. OUP 2000.Detlef Franke Middle Kingdom The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Ed. Donald B. Redford, OUP 2001

Discussing Literary Genre - 973 Words

To define genre is to embark on a conjectural journey within a theoretical minefield. Genre theory has drawn immense debate and contemplation throughout literary history, however, several conclusions have emerged. Genre types are unfixed categories whose characteristics differ considerably among the specific genres; furthermore, the role of literary history plays a significant role in discussions of genre, for genre types evolve and shift with each new literary text. An approach to the discussion of genre, family resemblances, illustrates similar conventions among texts within a genre, but there are significant problems in this approach. There are several ways to discuss genre, and although problems abound in any approach, the†¦show more content†¦The contrast between early short fiction and the modern short story demonstrates the varying qualities of the genre between its preliminary stages and the present, and shows the substantial transformation which occurred withi n the genre. The types of genres not only shift throughout history but also alter with each new literary work. The altering of generic categories results in further difficulty in defining genre and classifying literary texts, for it demonstrates that generic forms are never fixed entities. Literary theorist Todorov asserts that although #8220;every work modifies the sum of possible works...we grant a text the right to figure in the history of literature...only insofar as it produces a change in our previous notion of one activity or another#8221;. Donald Barthelme#8217;s #8220;The Glass Mountain#8221; is an example that expands the notion of short stories; the text challenges readers to find meaning and story where there is none. #8220;The Glass Mountain#8221; influences and increases the possibilities of short stories, while compelling readers to contemplate the role of short stories. Such engagement between a literary text and a reader results in the most intriguing and meri ted discussion of genre. The subjective procedure of defining genre appeals to the relationship between text and reader. Genre provides a framework within which texts are interpreted, and expectations and emotional outlooks are theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Discussing Literary Genre944 Words   |  4 Pages To define genre is to embark on a conjectural journey within a theoretical minefield. Genre theory has drawn immense debate and contemplation throughout literary history, however, several conclusions have emerged. Genre types are unfixed categories whose characteristics differ considerably among the specific genres; furthermore, the role of literary history plays a significant role in discussions of genre, for genre types evolve and shift with each new literary text. 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Why I Learned A Valuable Moral Lesson - 992 Words

Stepping into a new environment and being a part of a new group are always a little uneasy, and most people will worry a transfer to a place where they only know a little acquaintance. However, I am always confident to overcome the nervousness, use my experience to blend in with the new campus environment, and make a valued contribution. Being confronted with the challenge of living in the unfamiliar environment empowers my curiosity, emboldens my desire to succeed, and strengthens my foundation of preservation and self-discipline. Through my experiences, I have learned a valuable moral lesson is that everything has a price. If we keep our goal consistently, work hard, and do not give up when things are difficult; eventually, the payback is worth the effort. My popularity is also highlighted by my compassion, my ethical principles of treating people with respect, charity and fairness no matter what their circumstances are. 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I spoke with friends of my idea to capture this journey we had shared and looked to them on guidance in ways to poise this account . During winter vacation of my sophomore year of college I was sittingRead MoreRacist Taboos in Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay578 Words   |  3 Pagesroles in the story, but had a big impact. All of the characters represent a certain theme or symbol. To Kill a Mockingbird is about the events of two young children through the eyes of a young girl named Scout. The pair are taught a variety of lessons from a variety of characters. These characters only come into view for a short time but have touched their lives forever. Scout and Jem’s father, Atticus, is an ace lawyer who was asked to defend a black man named Tom Robinson. Tom was accused

Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management

Question: Discuss about the Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management. Answer: Introduction: Employee motivation can be identified as a sense of passion and dedication to the organizational values from an employees end. Increasing employee motivation increase the job performance of the individual and the organization obtains a positive impact in actualizing the organizational strategies. If the psychological aspect of motivation can be discussed it can be noted, that motivation energizes, maintains and controls the behavioral pattern of the individuals. Hence, it can easily be speculated that with increased motivation the employees put themselves in achieving the organizational goals in a better way than before. It helps the management to control the teams in an organized manner, obtaining the least opportunity cost and providing the best customer service to the clients. Thus, employee motivation directly connects itself to organizational performance and effectiveness. Research and analysis: In modern world of business, the ways of increasing employee motivation is a fundamental challenge to the organizational management. They need to concentrate on it for improving the overall functionary of the company. However, to examine the impact of employee motivation on the organizational effectiveness, the followed can be discussed: Impact of employee motivation on increased employee performance: Efficiency: As opined by Pinder (2014) increasing the motivational level of the employees is necessary to the organization as it encourages the employees to extend his/her set level of expectation from themselves. With increased motivation, the employees start to believe on themselves and the vision of the leaders. As mentioned by Miner (2015) motivation increases self-confidence and the employees try to come out off their comfort zone. Moreover, as opined by Sageer et al. (2012) the resistance or clashes among the employees as well as between the administration and workforce, can be reduced to largely resulting in the overall organizational efficiency by ensuring employee motivation. It is helpful in reducing the wastages, industrial accidents, objections and grievances. Innovation: As mentioned by Riggio (2015) the employee who find themselves in a passionate commitment to the organizational values it encourages them in finding the best way to execute his job roles. Moreover, in most of the empirical cases it has been found that the leadership is typically influential in innovation. Hence, the motivated employees are always welcome to come up with innovative ideas in those organizations. As opined by Imran et al. (2014) employee motivation directs the employees to try to best serve the company and actualize the strategies and goals set by the management through the best possible way. Here, the example of Disneyland and its innovative idea of operating the park can be cited. With each idea came up from the employees Walt Disney did not hesitate to motivate and encourage his employees, which resulted in making it the most popular amusement park (Forbes.com 2016). Productivity: As opined by Van De Voorde et al. (2012) the productivity of an individual is directly proportionate to the satisfaction and motivation of an individual. Motivation propels employee to challenge himself for giving his/her best potentiality in achieving the organizational goals. Be it the back-end or upfront service, engagement and motivation directs him to surpass the limit of his/her previous performance. As described by Sageer et al. (2012) in inducing motivation and increasing productivity, the leaders play a major role. An effective leadership ensures a sense of security and peace among the employees. It motivates them to work with better responsibility and demonstrate the loyalty to the leader by achieving the organizational goals. Thus, with increased productivity the organization becomes able to Customer service: As opined by Manzoor (2012) employee motivation can be identified in the increased level of customer satisfaction. A motivated employee tries his/her level best to provide the best possible service to the clients of the company. As mentioned by Sageer et al. (2012) an employee who is not satisfied with his job role or company culture, he is not bothered to provide service to the customers. He does not treat it as his/her personal responsibility and the company stats to suffer in the section of customer service. As mentioned by Manzoor (2012) it is important for the organization to take care of its employees as the employees take care of its clients. Here, the example of excellent customer service Southwest Airlines can be cited. According to the employees of the company, the honest employee motivational strategies direct them in always putting effort to improve the service, culture, and to collect loyal customers (Forbes.com 2016). Transparency: To ensure transparency and ethical management of an organization, ensuring employee management is a prerequisite. As opined by Sageer et al. (2012) with heightened motivation, the employees find themselves better dedicated to the company values and norms. Thus, employee engagement largely contributes to the corporate governance of an organization. Impact of employee motivation on team management: As opined by Mowday et al. (2013) employee motivation is typically influential in increasing the team morale and cohesiveness. A motivated employee tries to stick to the group norms, as he is satisfied with the values and missions of the team; whereas a de-motivated employee does not find any internal or psychological push to make himself committed to the teams goal. As mentioned by Van De Voorde et al. (2012) increased motivation among the employees directs them to take active part within the decision-making and they start to actualize the strategic goals with increased responsibility. As mentioned by Van De Voorde et al. (2012) the motivated employee do not hesitate to take some extra responsibility to meet the goal of the team; whereas a de-motivated employee treats it as an extra burden, which automatically decreases the quality of his performance and the team suffers the aftermath. However, as identified by Imran et al. (2014) motivation propels the employees to increase their productivity and the quality of service and with individual betterment of the performance the team start to perform better than ever. Moreover, as opined by Bal et al. (2012) employee motivation and resulted engagement typically helps the management in resolving the clashes within the team members. With increased motivation and dedication, an employee is ready to keep his personal interest aside and love to uphold the organizational visions. To run an organization co-ordination and co-operation are fundamentally necessary for the management. Employee motivation largely contributes to increase the level of co-ordination and co-operation among the employees. As discussed by Mowday et al. (2013) as motivation creates or increases the dedication or commitment to the organizational values the employees work satisfactorily within the organizational norms and specified structure. It helps the management in creating and better controlling the organizational teams. Employee motivation can be reflected in the achievement of set goals, conducive working environment and self-growth. With increased involvement within the organizational activities the motivated employees provides the organization a great level of organizational effectiveness. Conclusion: Hence from the above stated literature review and research, it can be said that employee motivation is one of the main prerequisites of increased organizational performance. With increased energy, commitment and creativity directs the employee to perform better that ever. It creates a sense of dedication to the company and the team; and the employees do not hesitate to keep his/ her personal benefit aside the advancement of the team. Moreover, with increased dedication to the organizational goals the employees start to provide the best service to the customers. The increased productivity, level of organizational efficiency and better managerial control over the human resource employee motivation helps in augmenting organizational performance and profit count. Thus, by encouraging the units of performance, employee motivation fundamentally helps in increasing the effectiveness of the organization. References: Bal, P.M., De Jong, S.B., Jansen, P.G. and Bakker, A.B., 2012. Motivating employees to work beyond retirement: A multià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ level study of the role of Ià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ deals and unit climate.Journal of Management Studies,49(2), pp.306-331. Forbes.com. 2016. Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/ [Accessed 24 Sep. 2016]. Imran, H., Arif, I., Cheema, S. and Azeem, M., 2014. Relationship between job satisfaction, job performance, attitude towards work, and organizational commitment.Entrepreneurship and innovation management journal,2(2), pp.135-144. Manzoor, Q.A., 2012. Impact of employees motivation on organizational effectiveness.Business management and strategy,3(1), p.1. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W. and Steers, R.M., 2013.Employeeorganization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic press. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Riggio, R., 2015.Introduction to industrial and organizational psychology. Routledge. Sageer, A., Rafat, S. and Agarwal, P., 2012. Identification of variables affecting employee satisfaction and their impact on the organization.IOSR Journal of business and management,5(1), pp.32-39. Van De Voorde, K., Paauwe, J. and Van Veldhoven, M., 2012. Employee wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ being and the HRMorganizational performance relationship: a review of quantitative studies.International Journal of Management Reviews,14(4), pp.391-407.

Nursing Human Development Process

Question: Discuss about the Report for Nursing of Human Development Process. Answer: Every living organism change and grow and during this process become more diversified, competent and capable in dealing with the external world. Every human being is different and thus they grow or develop in a unique way depending on the physical, cognitive and spiritual growth through various stages from infancy to adulthood. But the order of development remains the same for every individual. This progression is termed as human development. The human development stages are categorized into four distinct stages and they are infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood (Bornstein Bradley 2014). In each stage the individual confronts, and hopefully experience, new challenges and explore and they gradually develop a sense of recognizing new things. Human beings, at the initial stage unable to crawl or walk, but quickly become competent at these skills, and move on to running and beyond.When an individual grows they start to develop new habits, learn new things and their interdependen cy increases (Kogan 2013). In this essay I am going to present the human development facts based on the physical, social-cultural and cognitive issues. In addition to this the process of development of self-identity and self-esteem of an individuals life and incorporation of relevant standards of practice into the nursing practice will be discussed. Human development is the process of physical, cognitive and spiritual expansion and transition of a human being. One of the early childhood stages, the toddlers are commonly termed as preschooler. In terms of the preschoolers the physical growth is little slower than the infants and toddlers, but the development is steady and also continuous. By the age of 6 years the size becomes close to an adult and the body becomes more coordinated. Motor abilities gradually develop such as throwing, catching and skipping Spodek Saracho (2014). A complete set of temporary teeth appears that are again replaced by the thirty two permanent teeth with time. Addition to this the average weight of a five to six years child has been estimated as 20.4 kilograms. According to Jean Piaget this stage is termed as the pre-operational stage. The cognitive development is characterized by learning of signs and symbols, imagination to enhance the play, improvement in verbal communication, increased socializatio n and better reasoning capability Gottfried (2013). Moreover, increased language and picture skills are also observed in preschoolers. The behavioral or psychological development in this particular age is biologically opposite-sex oriented. At this stage the behavioral aspect is mediated through social interactions. Children of this stage are quite prone to the fears of nightmares, new locations and their own imagination or fantasies. As predicted by Kohlbergs this particular stage is dominated by moral reasoning. The children of this age obey rules in order to avoid punishment. In accordance to this age the concepts of god, spirit, hell or heaven are inexplicable and sometimes frightening. The growth of the preschoolers re highly impacted upon by the social dimensions (Gottfried, 2013). With the advent of the early childhood stage numerous normative and non-normative transitions take place (Hershkowitz et al. 2012). At this stage the children become active explorers of their environment. According Jean Piagets theory of cognitive development, the early childhood stage is divided into two parts the pre-conceptual stage which involves children of the ages 2 to 4 years and intuitive stage which involves children of age 4 to 7 years. The children between the ages of 3 to 6 years think symbolically and their thinking is mostly egocentric. The normative transitions in these children involve increased size, changes in physical appearance, language development, emotional and spiritual development (Fisher et al. 2013). As per the theory of attachment of Bowlby, the attachment patterns that starts with infancy exerts a huge influence and find expression in a variety of sociological behaviors that continues throughout the lifespan. The difference in the child attachment patter ns is due to the distinct pattern of responses towards the social interactions. The non-normative transitions are the unpredictable changes that take place depending on certain situations. Non-normative changes can cause physical as well as emotional changes. For example, death of parents can traumatize a child of this age. Bowlby stated that, the relationship between the children and their parents aids in the development of a childs internal world. Therefore, sudden demise of the parents of a child of this age can impact negatively on a childs psychological health (Hershkowitz et al., 2012). Erikson stated that, very stages of development is highly influenced by an individuals interactions with the environment. The concept of self-identity requires a constant thought and intentional decision making (Charlesworth, 2013). By the age of 3 years a child develops the idea of concrete self and could distinguish him or her as a separate life. The self-concept can be defined as the sense of belongingness and being accepted by the world. The self-concept develops from the birth and it gets a form with time. Children within the age of 3 to 6 years have the ability to distinguish them as separate entities. The self-image of such children is more descriptive than being judgmental. At the age of five the children become aware of the requirements of his or her group (Kreppner Lerner, 2013). A five to six years child develops the power of words and communicates effectively in order to establish their own needs within the group. Self-esteem in preschoolers develops from several factors such as relationship, friendship and helping and playing task. In children of this age have high self-esteem and remains optimistic while learning, finishing a task and achieving success (Charlesworth, 2013). The development of the feeling of independency in preschoolers becomes deceptive by new things. The self-concept of children between the ages of 3 to 6 years is governed by many factors such as the social factors, emotional connections cultural factors and environmental factors. The normative and non-normative transitions among these children are significantly affected with the realization of the self-concept (Kreppner Lerner 2013). Certain studies have focused on the fact that the preschoolers develop the healthy ability to be assertive and they are seen to take initiative in tasks. Encouragement of these children in doing new tasks can positively impact on their self-concept. On the contrary certain non-normative transitions also affect the self-concept. For example, inability to start a new project or feeling of guilt can negatively impact on the self-concept. However, children of these ages are not aware of the opposing characteristics in a person. They also cannot typically lin k the different self-description into an integrated self-portrait (Gottfried, 2013). Moorhead (2013) stated that, psychologists and nurses seek to realize and understand the health requirements of others and accordingly change their own behaviors, feelings and thoughts in order to enhance the well-being of those people. According to the NMBA, 2016 nursing practice standards, nurses should think critically and analyze the nursing practice and also engage in therapeutic and professional relationship. Preschoolers are of the early developmental stages in human beings. Therefore, it is very important to implement the NMBA, 2016 nursing practice in their lives but critically analyze their complications and incorporate it into clinical treatment of them. Firstly, understanding of their development and critically analyzing their illness and consequences is a significant part of the nursing practice in accordance to the NMBA standards. Secondly, as stated by NMBA standards one of the key parts of the nursing practice is to develop a therapeutic and professional relationship. Thus, as a nurse it is important to communicate with the childs parents about their reactive pattern and treat the diseases clinically (Ball et al., 2013). The pre-operational stage in human development as referred by Piaget is a significant developmental stage which involves several normative and non-normative transitions. These stage experiences several physical, cognitive and socio-cultural developments which ultimately helps in the growth of self-concept, self-identity and self-esteem. Thus, through careful assessment and family education nurses can aid in proper child development and enhance their own professional practice according to the NMBA standards. References: Ball, J. W., Bindler, R. C., Cowen, K. J. (2013).Child health nursing. Prentice Hall. Bornstein, M. H., Bradley, R. H. (Eds.). (2014).Socioeconomic status, parenting, and child development. Routledge. Charlesworth, R. (2013).Understanding child development. Cengage Learning. Fisher, K. R., Hirshà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Pasek, K., Newcombe, N., Golinkoff, R. M. (2013). Taking shape: Supporting preschoolers' acquisition of geometric knowledge through guided play.Child Development,84(6), 1872-1878. Gottfried, A. W. (Ed.). (2013).Home environment and early cognitive development: Longitudinal research. Academic Press. Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., Orbach, Y., Katz, C., Horowitz, D. (2012). The development of communicative and narrative skills among preschoolers: Lessons from forensic interviews about child abuse.Child development,83(2), 611-622. Kogan, N. (2013).Cognitive Styles in Infancy and Early Childhood (Psychology Revivals). Psychology Press. Kreppner, K., Lerner, R. M. (Eds.). (2013).Family systems and life-span development. Psychology Press. Moorhead, S. (2013).Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), Measurement of Health Outcomes, 5: Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). Elsevier Health Sciences. Spodek, B., Saracho, O. N. (2014).Handbook of research on the education of young children. Routledge.