Gender and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender and Communication - Essay Example According to her, sex differences in the modern society replicate and dole out the principle of "survival of the fittest" as demonstrated by Darwin. The utility of the book in serving the purpose of feminist thinking is various and it is a well-timed book,as the gender roles on contemporary campus are conflictedandoften contentious. The ultimate value of the book is its message to the students: "What genderandculturewill mean in the future is up to you."(Wood, 1995, p. 310) One of the most corresponding questions the present genderandcultureissue relates to theEqual Rights Amendment(ERA) and the question is if the once unsuccessful proposed amendment to theUS Constitution needs to be passed. It is most significant to ensure the equal rights to men and women in the modern world which gives foremost role to feminist ideas and in particular in America, the leading civilized nation of the day. The value of passing the Equal Rights Amendment(ERA) would have been far reaching as it sounds the material, pragmatic consequences of how women and men live, work, and interact, apart from being symbolic in nature. That is to say, ERA cannot be considered as a movement just for the sake of some constitutional rights. It had a wider application as it reflected the far-reaching question of cultural dominance in the modern society. "Like the suffrage campaign a century earlier," writes Rhode, "the ERA struggle presented issues not only of constitutional entitlements, but also of cultural dominance. The question was whose vision of women's destiny should prevail and on what terms." (Rhode, 1989, p. 63) Of course, the efforts of the ERA struggle aimed at material, pragmatic consequences in that its supporters wished to determine how women and men live, work, and interact. The ultimate result of such efforts would be that the women can enjoy equality and freedom along with men which will be supported by the constitution. However, the symbolic nature of the amendment suggests the real value of passing the ERA - the cultural question of the issue would be addressed at its best. It is important to comprehend that the actual intention of the constitutional interference in the form ERA was not to impose any ultimate changes in the existing power structure and a valid question needs to be clearly answered here. If the ERA would not necessitate any real changes, then what is the justification for opposing it Though it was initially presented with the utmost interest, the ERA incited intermittent legislative disputes and disagreement. Public opinion polls suggested that an unyielding bulk of the Americans supported the amendments, though many of them were not aware of its expected consequences. Significantly, this growth in the support for ERA was reasonable as well as ironic considering the governmental actions. In the background of the propagation of state and federal statues, executive orders, and judicial verdicts forbidding sex discrimination, the need for constitutional provision of equal rights of women was limited and so the logic in the opposition of ERA was limited as well. The opposition of E

The Count of Monte Cristo Essay Example for Free

The Count of Monte Cristo Essay The novels of Alexander Dumas are favorites of many generations of readers because of his fascinating characters, tangled stories and dynamic plots. One of them, â€Å"The Count of Monte Cristo† was finished in 1844. Given its brilliant storyline about love and revenge in the 18th century, the novel was brought to life for the first time in 1934 by director Rowland V Lee and skillful actors Robert Donat, Elissa Landi and Sidney Blackmer. However, would it be worth it to do second film based on the same novel? Joe Leydon from Variety believes so. He states his certainty in the director of the remake, Kevin Reynolds who â€Å"proves to be fully on top of his game, infusing the grandly melodramatic permutations of the plot with firm conviction and stylish gusto† (Leydon). The old film from 1934 was given a fresh, new, compelling production in 2003 filled with a lot of breathtaking, uniquely visualized action scenes. The plot in both films is naturally no different. The tranquil life of Edmond Dantes, a 20 years old sailor on the â€Å"Pharaoh† ship, who plans to marry the beautiful Mercedes, is shattered when his friend Fernand wishes the lovely Mercedes for himself. Three other people wish to harm Dantes for different reasons. Danglars is an accountant of the Pharaoh and fears that if Dantes becomes Capitan, he will lose his job because Dantes notices his abuses; young assistant prosecutor De Villefort is afraid that his father’s connections with the dethroned Napoleon might be revealed, and the neighbor of Edmond’s father is jealous of his success. On the eve of Mercedes’s and Edmond’s wedding, Dantes is slandered and accused of being a Bonapartist. He is sent to the d’If castle, a prison fortress not far from Marseilles, without an opportunity to object his sentence. Dantes is informed that he will remain forever in prison. He attempts suicide, but he is unexpectedly saved by the appearance of anothe r prisoner Abbe Faria, who for years has dug tunnels and attempted to escape, but due to erroneous calculations has ended up in Dantes’s cell. The two misfortunates quickly become friends. Abbe Faria is a highly educated individual and discovers who sent Edmond into d’If castle and what their motives were. At that moment, he unwittingly sowed the seeds of revenge in Dantes. For six months, Abbe helps  to educate Edmond in English, German and Spanish and introduces him to math, physics, history and philosophy. After a year of planning their escape, Dantes and Abbe began to dig the tunnel to freedom. Sadly, incurable illness stalls Abbe from fulfilling their plan. Foreseeing his death, the abbot reveals to Edmond his secret treasure hidden on the island of Monte Cristo. When the abbot dies, Dantes takes his place in a body bag and is thrown into the sea instead of the dead Abbe Faria. It is unbelievable he survived. After miraculously managing to escape, he becomes the very wealthy and mysterious Count of Monte Cristo, establishes himself among the French nobility and skillful plans his revenge on everyone who stabbed him in the back. He is overwhelmed by the desire to find and assassinate his enemies, especially Fernand Mondego who married his fiancà ©e and had a child with her. The story of revenge is long, full of action and unexpected plot turns. The Count sneaks past the enemies and discovers their devastating secrets which aid him in devising their suffering deaths. The Count of Monte Cristo first wins the trust of his nemesis’s and manages to get close to them to learn their weaknesses, which will be the cause of their eventual death. Until the last minute of their life none of them realizes the source of their troubles. The transformation of the uneducated, naà ¯ve and kind sailor Edmont Dantes into the wise, aristocrat with a desire for revenge is fascinating. The actor, Jim Caviezel, uses all aspects of acting – mimics, gesture, voice, eyes to describe the transformation. His eyes seem to be the most influential quality of his character. The performance of Jim Caviezel is so capturing it resembles one of the most famous characters in the history of film – Al Pacino in â€Å"The Godfather†. As hard as someone tries to find flaws in the film, they cannot. The direction of Kevin Reynolds is at a very high level without having to use flashy or cheap effects. He knows where to stop a scene, what to do with it, and always picks the most appropriate angle in order to engage viewers in the moment. An example of this is the very first scene in the movie. Second mate Dantes and ship representative Mondego are aboard a sloop to Elba, the island to which Napoleon was banished and guarded. Edmont and Fernand get on shore to seek medical supplies for their dying captain. Upon seeing them, the British horsemen first assume Edmont a nd Fernand are here to free Napoleon. An action scene commences as the British open fire at the two sailors from the â€Å"Pharaoh† ship. The guards  have no intention of listening to or believing what Edmont tries to tell them (that they only seek medical assistance). The unique aspect in â€Å"The Count of Monte Cristo† is the camera position and rotation which is utilized in the very first scene. The filming is done from above, thus exposing the viewer to entire field on which Edmont and Fernand battle the British troops. The camera rotates around the actors and zooms in on their faces to display the facial expressions as they fight. Dim light from the moon reflects in their sweaty faces. Before we know it, the camera takes us back in the air again, and we can see more British troops quickly approaching in the far distance. Besides from above, cameras are also filming from below (the moment when Napoleon appears). This constant rotation from above to below involves the viewers in the scene. We are completely aware of the location of each character in the moment. After Napoleon â€Å"saves† our brave character seeking help for their dying captain, the former Emperor of France escorts them to the physician. At which point they enter his cabin and we notice the second unique aesthetic element in the movie – darkness. Almost half of the movie is filmed in the dark and usually the only light provided is by the Moon’s reflection (outdoor scenes) and candles (indoor scenes). This aesthetic element helps the viewer experience what lighting might have been like during the Renaissance period. About one fourth of the film takes place in the ghastly chateau d’If which is the absolute perfect example of how to use virtual darkness in scenes. With Dantes’s arrival in d’If castle, we are teleported to his new â€Å"home† for the next 16 years, filled only with darkness and horrid beatings. What do we think of when we hear the word â€Å"darkness†? Fear, death, misery? This is exactly what the director wants us to feel when we are seeing scenes from d’If castle. Fear – from the annual beating they give all innocent prisoners. Death that eventually comes either from starvation or suicide. Misery – being exposed to only a small window of light and one meal a day. Another noticeable visual element in â€Å"The Count of Monte Cristo† is the use of the blur effect. The director often blurs the background to set more focus on what’s happening in the scene. We see this aesthetic element throughout the entire film, mostly during dialog accompanied with a close up on the characters faces for example, the scene of Mercedes and Edmont speaking by the rocks. The camera is focused on their faces when we see Fernand approaching from the distance.  Seconds later, the focus is changed to Fernand as Mercedes and Edmont are blurred to the viewers. When Edmont shares the news of his promotion we can see the jealousy and frustration on Fernand’s face. Speaking of characters faces, the movie also focuses on the representatio n of characters’ eyes. The clearest example of this would be the dinner scene at Fernand and Mercedes’s mansion for their son Albert’s birthday. After saving the youngsters life, Count Monte Cristo was invited to the Mondego residence for Albert’s birthday party. Throughout the entire evening, Monte Cristo and Mercedes exchange looks as the Countess Montego starts recognizing the love of her life, Edmont Dantes, in the new French aristocrat. They exchange expressions, looks, smiles which reveal to us what the characters are thinking. Such details make â€Å"The Count of Monte Cristo† a â€Å"lavishly mounted and appealingly old-fashioned swashbuckler† (Leydon). The reviewer of â€Å"The Count of Monte Cristo† on Variety – John Leydon provides a fantastic summary of the movie. He writes about the actors, plot and direction without going in depth on a particular subject or praising / criticizing the movie in excess. Those are the exact qualities of a good fil m review. This brings up a burning question who can write a film review? In the article â€Å"Film criticism in the age of the Internet† the editors of Cineaste suggest it often seems that everyone is a critic (Cineaste), and we can all agree with that. Nowadays, people can view, comment and write anything on the Web. Anyone can register on a blog or forum and begin writing reviews of movies. It doesn’t even matter how good their writing is or what position they takes because today â€Å"everyone’s a critic† (Cineaste). The expression â€Å"quality over quantity† can quite correctly apply here. There are more and more film reviewers on the Internet, to whom Cineaste refers to as â€Å"amateurs† (Cineaste), â€Å"demented teenagers† (Cineaste) or generally modern film critics. Tobias Grey’s thoughts on this new age of criticism in his article â€Å"Debating film criticism† is that â€Å"modern film criticism is far too subjective and not nearly analytical enough† (Grey) in addition â€Å"criticism is reputed to be dead, film criticism especially so.† (Jesse Walker). While this may seem bad, I like the fact that if you don’t enjoy a certain film, you’re not necessarily a bad reviewer or a person with no taste in film because â€Å"you have a soulmate in cyberspace, and he posted his thoughts (which are identical to yours) on a now-defunct interactive Web site†Ã‚  (Walker). So, what does all of this tell us? The large amount of film criticism on the Internet kills the real meaning of quality level film criticism, however it exposes us to more writers’ thoughts and opinions. The editors in Cineaste express their hope that â€Å"good criticism will predominate over bad in both magazines and the Internetand that increased bids for corporate and government control of cyberspace will not drown out, or silence, the many lively online voices (some of whom are represented in our symposium) that have already changed the face of contemporary film criticism.† â€Å"The Count of Monte Cristo† is a capturing and fascinating film. The classical love story in the 1800’s intrigues the viewer and the action grabs your attention. It is a favorite film for people of all ages because it shows human qualities that last forever such as greed, desire for revenge, love and more. Analyzing the motion picture as art I paid more attention to the camera movement and lens zoom which made me realize how great the movie actually is. The director communicates with us through visual language and the characters reveal their thoughts through their facial expressions. A close up on the main character’s troubled face or shaking eyeballs can tell us a lot more than dialog. I like â€Å"The Count of Monte Cristo† for the special attention to details. They connect us with to film and we experience it in a different way. Such minor details may seem like not a big deal if you watch the film for its story, but if you focus and view the film as art you’d see there is much more than dialog and action scenes to â€Å"The Count of Monte Cristo†. Bibliography Film criticism in the age of the Internet. Cineaste Fall 2008: 1. General Reference Center GOLD. Web. 6 Dec. 2011. Grey, Tobias. Debating film criticism: Europeans share opinions on the pics they review and also on the qualifications for being a well-rounded critic. Variety 29 Oct. 2007: A2+. General Reference Center GOLD. Web. 6 Dec. 2011. Leydon, Joe. â€Å"The Count of Monte Cristo.† Variety. n. pag. Web. 24 Jan 2002. Walker, Jesse. Everyones a critic: Dont shed any tears for cinephilia. Reason June 2002: 62. General Reference Center GOLD. Web. 6 Dec. 2011.

Stock Market :: essays research papers

Stock Market Crash of 1929   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The day the stock market crashed, October 29th, 1929, is now known in infamy as Black Tuesday. â€Å"The Reasons Stocks Crashed in 1929† by Harold Bierman Jr. says that there were many events that led up to the Stock Market Crash. On October 24th, 1929, the stock market fell 9% during the day, which was a huge deal back in that time when a lot of people had money invested in the Stock Market. After this decline there was a selling alarm, as everyone wanted to get his or her money out of the stock market. Bierman concludes that the stock prices were too high in October of ’29 and that a crash in the market was bound to happen. â€Å"The Reasons Stocks Crashed in 1929† by Harold Bierman Jr. reviews a small set of possible causes for the crash and reaches specific conclusions about the events that led to the biggest stock market crash in history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 29th of October will always be known as Black Tuesday but it was not the only day the stock market struggled. The New York Times of October 4th headed a page one article â€Å"Year’s Worst Break Hits Stock Market†, but almost all reported business news was still very optimistic. On October 23rd the market declined by four billion dollars and if the events of the 29th did not happen then the 23rd would have gone done in history as the major stock market event. The events of the 23rd were dwarfed by the proceedings of the morning of the 29th when it was said that within a few hours of the stock market being open that day, the prices had fallen so low that they wiped out all of the gains that have been made in the entire previous year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the stock market was viewed as an indicator of the American economy, the public’s confidence in the economy was shattered.

What is the meaning of Women Empowerment?

In the middle of the 18th century, women empowerment was greatly demonstrated through boycotts and uprisings. Not only women from the lower class suffered, but women from the middle class suffered as well. Lower class women who were working in factories would work the same amount as their male counterparts, get constantly mistreated and would still get paid lower than men. Middle class women had to always listen to their husband and never go against them. There were a lot of stereotypes between the freedom of men and women. Because of these stereotypes, this caused women to rebel and most women were very well aware of their subordinate status in their community and applied several feminist movements. One women who showed high representation of women empowerment was Abigail Adams. Abigail was the wife of president John Adams and had five children. Since she was married to the president, she was always left alone at the house taking care of all her five children as well as their farm. Since her husband was hardly home, she got very bored doing the same activities everyday. Abigail indicated many concerns, through a letters to her husband, about women and how they are being treated in society. Abigail wrote several letters to her husband, but one of her letters stated that â€Å"Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If perticuliar care and attention is not paid to the Laidies we are determined to foment a Rebelion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation.† He letter was one of the first steps to to fight for women's rights and freedom. She exclaims that men should not have all the power in their homes because they would all become oppressors. Abigail also told her husband that if women did not get equal rights, they would rebel and not pursue the laws where they had no voice or representation in. Lastly, she emphasized the fact that John Adams needs to remember the rights of women when the Declaration of Independence was being written.

Charles Beard Essay

Charles Beard’s An Economic Interpretation of the U.S Constitution Charles Beard’s book, An Economic Interpretation of the U.S. Constitution, was published in 1913 and soon became one of the most controversial literary works of its time. Beard’s main thesis in this book is essentially that the Founding Fathers chose the specific format of the Constitution of the United States to protect their personal financial interests. Beard then goes on to argue that the Constitution was written by an â€Å"elite† attempting to safeguard their own assets and financial status. Beard was expanding on Carl L. Becker’s thesis of class conflict. In the eyes of Beard, the Constitution was created by the Founding Fathers as a â€Å"counter revolution† that ran against the wishes of farmers and laborers. Beard’s theory and his publication of this book were so controversial because it seemed to demean the Constitution and everything it stood for, which angered politicians and most of the legal community, at least those who didn’t ignore it completely. However, many historians and history professors seemed to recognize it and accept it. Many people were angered by Beard’s theory because, since it disparaged the Constitution and Founding Fathers, it seemed to put down almost everything our country stands for. Taking a sacred piece of history that started our nation and trampling on it by saying that it was nothing more than rich men trying to save their bank accounts and put down the common man is bound to upset more than just a few people. One of Beard’s main critics of the 20th century is a man named Forrest McDonald. McDonald uses his study of the voting habits and financial and economic concerns of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia to prove that their motives were not financial-based. He asserts that the majority of the delegates who had public securities were Antifederalists. He concludes his study by saying, â€Å"Anyone wishing to rewrite the history of those proceedings largely or exclusively in terms of the economic interests represented there would find the facts to be insurmountable obstacles†. What McDonald means by this is that Beard, who was attempting to â€Å"rewrite the history† of the proceedings of the Constitutional Convention, was doing so without any actual evidence and therefore had an empty argument. I believe that Beard’s thesis, although an interesting notion, was not necessarily a valid argument and did nothing except anger most people in the political community. Even though many people in the late 20th century accepted his thesis, I disagree with it. My reasoning for this is that, although the Founding Fathers were economically prosperous, I believe that their status made them the only ones that could be able to write the Constitution and who were in a position to make the most crucial moves in establishing the United States. I do not believe that the Founding Fathers created the Constitution simply protect their financial status, I believe their status was the reason they could write the Constitution.

Functional Math Skills That Support Independence

Functional Math Skills That Support Independence Functional math skills are those skills that students need to live independently in the community, care for themselves, and make choices about their lives. Functional skills make it possible for students with disabilities to make choices about where they will live, how they will make money, what they will do with money, and what they will do with their spare time. To do these things, they need to be able to count money, tell time, read a bus schedule, follow directions at work, and know-how to check and balance a bank account. Functional Math Skills Before students can understand numbers and numeration, they have to understand one-to-one correspondence. As they count, they need to be able to match each item or items to a corresponding number and understand that the number represents a matching or a corresponding number of items. One-to-one correspondence will also be helpful in such household tasks as setting the table and matching socks. Other functional skills include: Number recognition: This includes recognizing and being able to write the 10 digits, and then recognizing place value: ones, tens, and hundreds.Skip counting: Skip counting by 5s and 10s to 100 is important for understanding time (such as five-minute increments on an analog clock) and money. Teachers can use a hundreds chart or on a number line to demonstrate skip counting.Operations: Its vital for students to have a grasp of addition and subtraction. At a later point, if your students have an understanding of these two operations, it may be possible to introduce multiplication and division. Students with special needs may not be able to develop the ability to do the math operations themselves independently, but they can learn how the operations are used in order to use a calculator to do calculations, like balancing a bank statement or paying bills. Time Time as a functional skill involves both understanding the importance of time- such as not staying up all night or not missing appointments because they dont leave enough time to get ready- and telling time on analog and digital clocks to get to school, work, or even the bus on time. Understanding time requires comprehending that seconds are fast, minutes almost as fast, and hours much longer. Students with disabilities, especially significant cognitive or developmental disabilities, may have behavioral outbursts because they are stuck on preferred activities, and dont realize they will miss lunch. For them, building an understanding of time may involve a visual clock, like a Time Timer, or a picture schedule. These tools help give students a sense of control over their schedule and an understanding of what happens and when during their school or even home day. Parents may also benefit from having visual schedules at home. For children with autism spectrum disorders, it can help avoid long periods of self-stimulatory (stimming) behavior, which may actually undermine progress they are making at school. Teachers can also pair telling time with understanding the concept of time, for example, that 6 a.m. is when you get up and 6 p.m. is when you eat dinner. Once students can tell the time to the hour and half-hour, they can progress to skip counting by fives and telling time to the nearest five-minute interval. A geared clock, such as a Judy clock- where the hour hand moves when the minute hand goes around- helps students understand that both hands move together. Money Money, as a functional math skill, has several levels of skill: Recognizing money: pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters.Counting money: first in single denominations and later mixed coinsUnderstand the value of money: budgets, wages, and paying bills Measurement Learning measurement for students with special needs should involve length and volume. A student should be able to use a ruler and even perhaps a tape measure for length and recognize inches, half and quarter inches, as well as feet or yards. If a student has an aptitude for carpentry or graphic arts, the ability to measure length or size will be helpful. Students should also learn volume measurements, such as cups, quarts, and gallons. This skill is useful for filling tubs, cooking, and following directions. When cooking is part of a functional curriculum, a knowledge of measures of volume will be helpful. Students should be able to choose what they will cook, and find and read recipes. Familiarity with measuring volume will help students who want to pursue work in culinary arts, such as a kitchen assistant.

Common Slang Words for Vagina

Common Slang Words for Vagina The vagina is, of course, the correct word to describe female genitals. But while vagina is the clinically correct term, squeamishness continues to surround the use of the word. In addition, discussion of genitals (male or female) is often considered racy or even obscene. These cultural issues have given rise to the development of an incredible  range of slang terms for the vagina. Some of these terms are essentially euphemisms- terms that are considered to be acceptable even in the mainstream media. Others are childish or silly, while still others are degrading or even downright disgusting. Cultural Stigma The use of the word vagina has always caused cultural controversy. Use of any terms related to sexuality (particularly female sexuality) has long been banned from network television. In 1972, comedian George Carlin created a now-famous monologue called  Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television. Carlins intent was to illustrate how refusal to use words gives them power. As he said in an NPR interview in 2004: These words have no power. We give them this power by refusing to be free and easy with them. We give them great power over us. They really, in themselves, have no power. Its the thrust of the sentence that makes them either good or bad. While some discomfort over the use of sexual terminology has eased up with the rise of cable and streaming media, our cultural squeamishness has not disappeared.   In previous generations, children (particularly girls) have been encouraged to use nicer words such as peach, flower, or kitty, but with increased awareness of child sexual abuse nearly all educational experts stress that children be taught the correct word vagina and other body parts. Commonly Used Terms for Vagina Below is a breakdown of the most commonly used terms and slang for vagina; the categories are somewhat arbitrary. The meaning of each slang word is the same, but its implications vary depending not only on the term itself but also on the way in which it is used. Slang Words (Single Words) vajayjay vag twat slit snatch cooch coochie cooter cooze coozie gash hole muff flange minge box quim pocketbook poon poontang purse fud (Scottish term) Polite Slang Phrases (Two or More Words) nether regions lady garden girly bits private parts Slang Phrases (Two or More Words) mossy cleft hot box squeezebox vertical smile cha cha love tunnel Food-Related Slang cherry bearded clam furry taco tuna taco fur burger cream pie beef curtains meat curtains meat sleeve hair pie honey pot Animal-Related Slang beaver pussy kitty rat panty hamster Words Used by (or Around) Children privates private parts bits down there peach flower kitty tutu wee wee no no cookie muffin cupcake tweeny (between legs) fanny (used in the UK, Australia, and New Zealand) front butt who hoo/woohoo hoo hoo foo foo

Biography of Jane Seymour, Third Wife of Henry VIII

Biography of Jane Seymour, Third Wife of Henry VIII Known for: The third wife of King Henry VIII of England; Jane bore a much-wanted son as heir (the future Edward VI) Occupation: Queen consort (third) to Englands King Henry VIII; had been a maid of honor to both Catherine of Aragon (from 1532) and Anne BoleynSignificant Dates: 1508 or 1509–October 24, 1537; became queen by marriage on May 30, 1536, when she married Henry VIII; proclaimed queen on June 4, 1536, though she was never crowned as queen Early Life of Jane Seymour Brought up as a typical noblewoman of her time, Jane Seymour became a maid of honor to Queen Catherine (of Aragon) in 1532. After Henry had his marriage to Catherine annulled in 1532, Jane Seymour became a maid of honor to his second wife, Anne Boleyn. In February of 1536, as Henry VIIIs interest in Anne Boleyn waned and it became apparent that she would not bear a male heir for Henry, the court noticed Henrys interest in Jane Seymour. Marriage to Henry VIII Anne Boleyn was convicted of treason and executed on May 19, 1536. Henry announced his betrothal to Jane Seymour the next day, May 20. They were married on May 30 and Jane Seymour was pronounced Queen Consort on June 4, which was also the public announcement of the marriage. She was never officially crowned as queen, perhaps because Henry was waiting until after the birth of a male heir for such a ceremony. Jane Seymours court was far more subdued than Anne Boleyns. She apparently intended to avoid many of the errors made by Anne. During her brief reign as Henrys queen, Jane Seymour had worked to bring peace between Henrys eldest daughter, Mary, and Henry. Jane had Mary brought to court and worked to get her named as Henrys heir after any of Jane and Henrys offspring. Birth of Edward VI Clearly, Henry married Jane Seymour primarily to bear a male heir. He was successful in this when, on October 12, 1537, Jane Seymour gave birth to a prince. Edward was the male heir Henry so desired. Jane Seymour had also worked to reconcile the relationship between Henry and his daughter Elizabeth. Jane invited Elizabeth to the princes christening. The baby was christened October 15, and then Jane fell ill with puerperal fever, a complication of childbirth. She died on October 24, 1537. The Lady Mary (future Queen Mary I) served as chief mourner at Jane Seymours funeral. Henry After Janes Death Henrys reaction after Janes death lends credence to the idea that he loved Jane - or at least appreciated her role as the mother of his only surviving son. He went into mourning for three months. Soon after, Henry began searching for another appropriate wife, but he did not remarry for three years when he married Anne of Cleves (and shortly thereafter regretted that decision). When Henry died, ten years after Janes death, he had himself buried with her. Janes Brothers Two of Janes brothers are noted for using Henrys ties to Jane for their own advancement. Thomas Seymour, Janes brother, married Henrys widow and sixth wife, Catherine Parr. Edward Seymour, also a brother of Jane Seymour, served as Protector - more like a regent - for Edward VI after Henrys death. Both these brothers attempts to exercise power came to bad ends: both were eventually executed. Jane Seymour Facts Family Background: Mother: Margery Wentworth, a direct descendant through her father of Edward III of England (making Jane a fifth cousin twice removed to her husband Henry VIII)Father: Sir John Seymour, WiltshireJanes great-grandmother, Elizabeth Cheney, was also great-grandmother to Anne Boleyn, Henrys second wife, and to Catherine Howard, Henrys fifth wife. Marriage and Children: Husband: Henry VIII of England (married May 20, 1536)Children:The future Edward VI of England, born October 12, 1537 Education: The basic education of noble women of the time; Jane was not as literate as her predecessors and could read and write her own name and not more. Sources Anne Crawford, editor. Letters of the Queens of England 1100-1547. 1997.Antonia Fraser. The Wives of Henry VIII. 1993.Alison Weir. The Six Wives of Henry VIII. 1993.

How the events of the 1660s changed London Essay

How the events of the 1660s changed London - Essay Example By the end of 1660 things were subtly different within the city of London. London housed about 350, 000 people and it were dwarfing all the other major cities in England. The requirement to extend the city was at its peak. The reign of Charles II witnessed the extension of the city westwards with the inception of parks, squares and personal masterpiece with the title St. James’ which meticulously intrigue with the architecture of Wren inspired designs evolved with a major conflict between tradition and innovation. Contextually, the street plan of London was in a chaotic form still (Robinson, 2011; Monash University, 1997). The role of Monarchy in restoration of 1660 was crucial and it affected London to a great extent as well. Various laws passed by the Charles II manifested in smooth running of trade and commerce along with civil governance in London followed by its prosperity. The 1660 act of Indemnity and Oblivion enabled the restoration of the lands of Crown and Churches automatically thereby the confiscated land was made available for negotiation and litigation publicly (The Royal Household, 2009). Art, architecture and theatre of London saw a huge transition in its form, shape and execution in 1660 along with the huge leap of events in the field of science, technology, research and education. The establishment of Bank of England and the dissolve of open air theatre to restoration of comedy made more popular in England holding the hands of theatre practices in London. The coffee house trend was at its peak during the restoration period in London which helped to instigate seminal art and culture rapidly (Tiscali, 2013). In the field of scientific research, London witnessed a huge event in the month of November 1660, when ‘The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Science’ was established. The establishment of Dissenting Academy and its collaborative activity with

Hip Hop in the African American culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hip Hop in the African American culture - Essay Example These four elements include rap music, turntablism, breaking, and graffiti art. African America people find unity in this artifact, which was born in a violent and poverty historical context despite the contrasting method that they use to execute this artifact. This artifact was used to provide a reactionary outlet form the hardships of the African American in the urban. Its main objective was to reflect on the expressions and proclaim an alternative, which would change the mood of poverty and violent environment. The four elements have enabled the hip hop artifact to remain coherent and stable to the African America culture, thus allowing this artifact to nurture globally in a thriving multitude of different style. The Hip hop artifact was established in South Bronx, New York, City in 1973 by a Jamaican-born Kool DJ Herc. By use of an innovative turntable technique Herc stretched a song drum break by playing the breaking portion of two identical records consecutively at a Halloween dance party, which was organized by her younger sister (Chang, 2005). Out of this break portion of identical songs was the realization of a new style; ‘break dancing’, which was a style for the Hip hop culture. Extended drum breaks by other DJs in at New York dance parties facilitated the hip hop culture an America. Other seminal turntables DJ dominated the Hip hop scene in New York by mid-1970s. These DJs are DJ Flash, DJ Grandmaster, DJ Afrika Bambaataa, and Herc. The first Hip hop commercially successful hit way ‘Rapper’s Delight’ by the rappers of Sugarhill Gang in 1979. It is very wrong to insinuate that Hip hop is not a unique and complete African and African American tradition. A majority, if not all, of the African American truly love this art. In the beginning, only the Blacks enjoyed this artifact, but as time goes by, almost all races have embraced this culture by enjoying, buying, and writing of Hip hop music. The rap music is an African oral poetry, which has been traced through jazz, rock, the gospel, and the blues, which originated form West Africa. A majority of the slaves who worked in America were kidnapped from West Africa. These slaves were those who took the knowledge of jazz, rock, Gospel, and blues, which later gave birth to hip hop. Therefore, it is wrong to say that hip hop is not of an African cultural origin. This is similar as trying to say that jazz, blues, rock, and gospel have nothing to do with black culture. The hip hop godfathers were African American, and thus it is right when one says that Black African masses created this artifact. The pains and struggles that the African Americans went through was one reason this culture was created. The hip hop music was soulful expression from the hearts of Zulu nations; mostly Black (Anderson, 2003). When they spoke their thoughts the other human races who have ever been subjected to pain would be conscious of their misery through hip hop music. On the o ther hand, a majority of the breaking moves that commonly used in hip hop come from African-Brazilian art of Capoeria. It is also important to note that graffiti finds its roots from the oldest burners in the world, the Egyptian Hieroglyphics. The turn table techniques were stated by the African American DJs. For example, Kool Herc had Jamaican roots. Therefore, Hip hop is solely of an African origin and thus Hip hop is Black. Hip hop has turned out to become a massive reality, which has

Ride along with a Police Officer Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ride along with a Police Officer - Term Paper Example After checking the vehicle registration, the driver would then be requested to provide the driver’s license. The police officer would then request the driver to step out of the car as he communicates to the station confirming the arrest of the traffic offenders. Moreover, we could sometimes ask random cars to pull over hence checking their vehicle condition and their registration numbers. If the vehicle is found to be in bad condition, or the registration expired, the driver would be asked to accompany the police officer to the station. Even though the night was lonely and boring, I got the chance to interact with Officer Ottey. He explained that he has been in the police force for about 5 years. With a smile on his face, I could tell he was proud to be a police officer. Officer Ottey’s father and grandfather were both police officers who died in the line of duty hence he had to join the police in honor of his father and grandfather. Apart from the police is a well-paying job, the officer explained that he is proud to be of service to the society. In the course of our discussion, I found out that the police are one of the diligent and humble people in the society. They are trained to exercise humility and patience when handling criminals. In their department, every police officer is treated with respect from their department heads and their seniors. This is because the training of the police instills discipline and respect to the colleagues and other members of the society. After the lengthy explanations, I was curious to know the qualifications for one to join the police academy. Officer Ottey explained that a person willing should be above eighteen years of age and must possess a high school diploma. In addition, some states require 60 college credits with a clean criminal record for the last 5years.  

Man was born free but is everywhere in chains. Discuss this phrase, Essay

Man was born free but is everywhere in chains. Discuss this phrase, with reference to key course concepts - Essay Example Human beings also enters into social bonds, develop civilization and this makes them lose liberty (Chaurasia 2001, p. 308) Fromm (2001, p. 18-29) observes that freedom is what characterizes human existence. It changes as man gains awareness as an independent and separate being. Mans’ social history has its beginning from the interaction with nature to awareness as a separate entity from the surrounding nature and other human beings. The individual continued to be closely tied to the social and the natural world. Man also felt the world surrounding him. The processes of the emergence of the individual from nature and social world reached its peak in the modern era in the centuries between the reformation and the present. Fromm likens this to the same process, which is found in the history of man. Before a child is born, it is one with the mother. The child becomes a separate entity from the biological mother after birth. This separation marks the beginning of individuation. The child remains with the mother for only a considerable period. Fromm states figuratively that a child lacks freedom before it is born. However, the tie with the mother provides security and a feeling of belonging to the child. This is what he refers to primary ties. These ties are organic and constitute part and parcel of human development. The ties imply lack of individuality, but they provide an individual with security and orientation. The primary ties connect the individual with the mother and society in general. Once an individual completes his first stage of individuation, he is faced with a new task. This task is to orient and establish himself in the world and look for security in other ways similar to those before the pre-individualistic existence. This makes freedom to assume a different meaning to the one he had before individuation (Fromm 2001, p. 18-29). Fromm explains this by the analysis of the development of an infant. He says the independence of the foetus from the infants ends at birth. However, the dependence does not end here. The mother takes care of the child. With time, the child begins to identify that the mother and other entities are separate. The child through its own initiatives experiences the world. This marks a crucial point in the development of individuation. The process of individuation is advanced by education. This process is marked by frustrations and prohibition, which change the role of the mother as a hostile and dangerous person. This antagonism between the mother and child helps in the development of the self. The different authorities the child interacts with constitute the child’s universe and submit to the child. This has a different quality from that which exists when an individual separate complete from these authorities (Fromm 2001, p. 18-29). The freedom of a child during childhood enables him to develop and express his identity. This gives him security and reassurance. The increasing separation from thes e authorities results into isolation, which creates intense anxiety and insecurity. The child may develop the inner strength or a new kind of solidarity and closeness with others. If the process of separation and individuation are matched with the growth of the

Operational Analysis and Effectiveness Case Study

Operational Analysis and Effectiveness - Case Study Example Operations as defined by Heizer is the management of production of goods and services that add value to the firm. Thus, operations cannot be ignored any wherelets first analyze briefly what actually is the function of an airline industry. Airline industry provides services to its customers by transporting them from one destination to another be it international, national, regional or simply for cargo purposes. The operations issues that are important and critical include airport capacity, route structures, technology and costs to lease or buy the physical aircrafts1. Some of the larger issues that organizations face every time are the weather conditions, fuel costs and labor. Since weather effects flight schedules and is quite variable and naturally unpredictable; weather extremes such as snow, fog, and extreme temperatures can halt the operations of the air transport and hence add to costs both in terms of opportunity cost and the physical cost already incurred. Without fuel, no aero plane could fly, fuel costs comprise around 17-18% of the total cost of the airline company. For managing fuel efficiency the air transportation management should schedule flights properly as for example short haul flights are less fuel efficient as greater part is consumed in landing and take off. Labor is very important, which includes all sorts of labor and skills, flight attendants, pilots, baggage handl ers, dispatchers, customer services, air hosts and hostesses etc. The critical activities2 of an airline industry include demand forecasting, network design, revenue management, route planning, airline schedule planning, irregular operations aircraft routing, integrated scheduling, real time crew management, crew pairing optimization, air traffic flow management, crew rostering, air traffic simulation and control, and also coping with the concerned authorities' control program. Now the critical activities are discussed independently, and the relevant outcome and importance is also specified. Demand forecasting by airlines It is important for an air transportation industry to forecast demand levels correctly, as the management of demand can help in maximizing revenues as much as possible. And since demand for air travel seems to have been growing at the multiples of GDP therefore the need becomes more pronounced. And, there is a need to understand the demand for airlines industry is of two types, viz. underlying growth and the induced growth. The underlying growth in demand occurs as a reason of naturally occurring external factors in the environment;

Man was born free but is everywhere in chains. Discuss this phrase, Essay

Man was born free but is everywhere in chains. Discuss this phrase, with reference to key course concepts - Essay Example Human beings also enters into social bonds, develop civilization and this makes them lose liberty (Chaurasia 2001, p. 308) Fromm (2001, p. 18-29) observes that freedom is what characterizes human existence. It changes as man gains awareness as an independent and separate being. Mans’ social history has its beginning from the interaction with nature to awareness as a separate entity from the surrounding nature and other human beings. The individual continued to be closely tied to the social and the natural world. Man also felt the world surrounding him. The processes of the emergence of the individual from nature and social world reached its peak in the modern era in the centuries between the reformation and the present. Fromm likens this to the same process, which is found in the history of man. Before a child is born, it is one with the mother. The child becomes a separate entity from the biological mother after birth. This separation marks the beginning of individuation. The child remains with the mother for only a considerable period. Fromm states figuratively that a child lacks freedom before it is born. However, the tie with the mother provides security and a feeling of belonging to the child. This is what he refers to primary ties. These ties are organic and constitute part and parcel of human development. The ties imply lack of individuality, but they provide an individual with security and orientation. The primary ties connect the individual with the mother and society in general. Once an individual completes his first stage of individuation, he is faced with a new task. This task is to orient and establish himself in the world and look for security in other ways similar to those before the pre-individualistic existence. This makes freedom to assume a different meaning to the one he had before individuation (Fromm 2001, p. 18-29). Fromm explains this by the analysis of the development of an infant. He says the independence of the foetus from the infants ends at birth. However, the dependence does not end here. The mother takes care of the child. With time, the child begins to identify that the mother and other entities are separate. The child through its own initiatives experiences the world. This marks a crucial point in the development of individuation. The process of individuation is advanced by education. This process is marked by frustrations and prohibition, which change the role of the mother as a hostile and dangerous person. This antagonism between the mother and child helps in the development of the self. The different authorities the child interacts with constitute the child’s universe and submit to the child. This has a different quality from that which exists when an individual separate complete from these authorities (Fromm 2001, p. 18-29). The freedom of a child during childhood enables him to develop and express his identity. This gives him security and reassurance. The increasing separation from thes e authorities results into isolation, which creates intense anxiety and insecurity. The child may develop the inner strength or a new kind of solidarity and closeness with others. If the process of separation and individuation are matched with the growth of the

Acute Pain in Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Acute Pain in Children - Essay Example The intervention made to health institution through the initiative international health bodies has led to the creation of the pediatric analgesic trails, which aim at providing evidence pain management in child across the ages. In practice, assessments methods for pain intensity are critical in treating children of different ages. Acute pain is one of the common ailments in childhood and one that requires emergency response. In this paper, we will discuss the RCN guidelines on response given to acute pain in children. Acute Pain Assessment Tools In the last decade, a number of assessment tools required for testing the pain for appropriate ages have enabled documentation and quantitative and qualitative assessment of pain. The assessment method for children across the ages have undergone various changes, where issues affecting the new born to those children that are talking can be addressed. Currently, assessment methods include behavioral measures of pain. In this measurement method, the pediatrician would use behavior checklists, which has a list of pain effects that a child would encounter. The list has scores, which the pediatrician would check before assigning a given pain. In the assessment checklist, issues such as time, response to pain among others influence the decision that the pediatrician would make against a given pain. ... The RCN guideline has nine key areas that health professionals should observe when assessing acute pain in children. The provision in the guideline indicates when pain should be accessed, indictors, what the health professionals should do, as well as the parents of the child. The RCN guideline sought to achieve three objectives; first, create awareness about symptoms, which helps in recognition of pain, second, recommend methods for pain assessment, lastly, promote use of method in pain assessment. While many nurses claim they know when children are in pain, the guideline for pain assessment intended to clarify how best the nurses should respond to children pain. In addition, it sets standards, which nurses should uphold while assessing pain. Since nurses did not have standards of assessment, it is arguable that cases of misinterpretation of pain existed. Prior to the creation of the RCN guideline on pain assessment, critics observed that nurses interpreted pain differently. It was a rgued that parent and nurse observation and interpretation of pain is different. Most of the available research on pain assessment indicates that observation was the most common method used in the assessment. Although the method proves to be worthy, the behavior observed might not be the degree of pain. Other consideration included emotional response to pain as observed by their parents. Thus, settling on an inclusive procedure acceptable by parents and nurses was critical at this stage. It is also notable that consideration of the preexisting literature and research on pain were adequately done before the recommendation of the guideline. Since the introduction of pain assessment scale, observation made on its application has

Tram Accident and Province Essay Example for Free

Tram Accident and Province Essay Car accidents is one of most causes that happen in Omani society, we see every day in Oman more accident, actually it is a global problem every country in the world suffer from this problem and now nobody can find a solution for this problem because it cames from the behavior of the driver when he driving a car, in Oman more people was died and the reason from accidents. The Omani government is trying to reduce accidents by making signboards to indicate places that require mitigation of speed also building specifications streets safe. Actually if Omani society want solve this problem should a drivers drive carefully and don’t use mobile when they drives. Most of family in Oman miss some member of family like brother, sister, father, mother, and remember this member when accident was happen, so should every drivers when they drive remember his or her family and he or she has good family wait hem to make the life happy. The reason of car accidents: They are many reason that help accidents to happen, one of the reason is using mobile when drivers drive a car, and this is a big mistake, how can they using mobile when drive a car, actually you will lose control of the driving because you interest in something you like it like play games from phone or call your family or your friends and when you do it that you will lose control of driving, another reason is high speed now most of the Omani youth love driving at high speed because they like compete and challenge their friend by doing race between them. The statistic of car accident in Oman shows most of car accident came from high speed and reckless youth when they drive at high speed. Some of the streets in the Sultanate of Oman are not safety for example street intersections in the state of Barka is not safety because it leads to a car crash, face to face also the street leading to the province of Al-Sharqia is complex you can’t drive good because there are several curves in the street, another reason of car accidents is not link the safety belts when drivers drive a car, safety belts is very important for drivers because they sometimes driving at high speed and when they do it a brake it help them to stay away from injuries. Another reason of car accident is lack of commitment from drivers about traffic laws they don’t care about signboards that explain to reduce the speed also the big mistake is when drivers drive a car they think about something important in their life or they think about their problems with family, a thinking during drive a car is very dangerous because you can’t see what is in front of you on the way, this leads to loss of control leading to the incident. Statistic of car accidents: In 2011 the statistic shows the number of people that died was 1065 and the number of injured was 11437, really it is a large number how can people imagine these numbers. Governorates of South and North Batinah was the most of governorates that the death happen in Oman the number of death was 261 and most of injuries happen in Muscat the number was 3331, Musandam took the least number of deaths, 3death and 121 injured. Province of Al-Dhakilia came in second place about the number of death from car accident the number was 175 and in province of Al-Sharqia the number was 159 and Muscat 156 , 82 in province of Al-Dahera, 81 in province of Dhofar, 80 in province of Al-wosta, 47 in Al-Buraimi and 3 in Musandam. Muscat has take number one of number of injuries the number was 3331 and, and province of Al-sharqia came in second place the number was 2257, 1532 in province of Al-batinah, 1969 in province of Al-Dakhilia, 804 in province of Al-Dahera, 432 in province of Al-Buraimi, 383 in province of Dhofar, 268 in province of Al-Wosta and finally 121 in Musandam. No change in 2012 more accidents, death, injuries. And accidents on the rise, everybody drive at high speed they don’t listen or watch the rule of driving. Solution to reduce car accident: Before government do solution for car accident they should know how to educate the Omani society and told the dangers of car accidents, the matter is moral issue actually it about how drivers can control the driving, so should government understand the behaviors of drivers, some youth from 15 to 17 want take lesson to drive a car sometimes they take their father’s car without permission and they challenge their friend by doing race between them, it is danger because they don’t have lesson and driving require practice, skills, respect the rule of driving. The government put rule, and this is very good for everybody it show if you want take lesson you must be older than 18 and sane and healthy, the government should monitor the cars in the agencies, is a safe car? If not should not imported from abroad. Oman already have device that call Radar, it trapped cars in the speed of more than 120 should government improve this device because I am sure this device can reduce car accident, should government put the Radar every 2 km because it can reduce the high speed that make accidents. Drivers should has more rationality when they drive a car also they should understand driving is ethic, commitment and respect the rule not showing their skills when they driving at high speed also they should understand the logo developed by the Royal Oman Police ( Don’t call tell you reach) it mean when you drive a car you should not do any call, but do you call when you at home. Conclusion: Car accidents is very dangerous and everybody should know the damage of car accidents, the majority of the dead in Oman due to car accidents, the matter is not difficult just understand the rule of driving and don’t drive at high speed also should drivers when they not thinking about anything just drive carefully and we will not see more accidents also should drivers remember when they drive they have happy family wait them so don’t lose your family and do not make the incident the cause destruction of your life.

Machiavelli Has Had A Great Influence Politics Essay

Machiavelli Has Had A Great Influence Politics Essay Princes and governments are far more dangerous than other elements within society. Niccolo Machiavelli. Machiavelli is known as the father of modern political thought. He has had an incredibly large influence on our modern civilization. Firstly Machiavellis opinions on politics and political leaders effected how future political leaders would run their countries. Additionally Machiavelli had a much larger influence on the future of modern western civilization in comparison to the renaissance artists of his time. Also his opinion on how the government is run demonstrated in his book The Prince changed they way in which we view how our government is run. Furthermore Machiavellis innovative writing style made him a noted writer in the history of western civilization. Machiavellis tactics and style of military influence has played its toll in shaping our world today. Machiavellis influence outshines any other reformation leader. Niccolo Machiavelli was born in the year 1469 in midst of a shifting political time in Italy. The fear and invasion from powerful states such France and Spain threatened the Italian government. Alexander Borgia was elected the pope through bribery and threats. Pope Alexander used the churchs wealth to benefit his own family. Some of the parts of Italy became Republic and others like Venice fell to dictators. No monarchy was present and no centralized government existed. Each city was like its own separate nation. Italy was struggling to unify itself. Machiavelli served the Borgia family as a political advisor. Machiavelli noticed the infighting among the rivaling Italian city-states but saw the effectiveness in the Borgia family members in maintaining their power. In forming his opinions he developed a treatise known as The Prince. The book was based upon his ideal Prince. Machiavelli describes his position that the Prince should be the only authority determining different aspects of the state to serve his best interest. These interests should be gaining, maintaining and expanding political power. In his books he is often very contradictory of himself. He believed that a prince should only serve his own best interest. If a prince cannot be both feared and loved it is better for him to be just feared. Machiavelli derived his views from the experience of the Caesura Borgia who was the current Prince of Italy during his time and hopped that it would provide a framework for future princes. Some historians may argue that artists such as Leonardo Da Vinci or Michelangelo had a greater influence of modern history then Machiavelli. Although a piece of art can be admired it remains nothing more than a piece of art. An individual whom is able to examine and explain human society and functions such a Machiavelli have much more substantial impact on history then a mere artist. Political scientist Max Lerner wrote in the introduction of the 1950s edition of the Prince that Machiavelli recognized the existence of the power of politic. The Prince is a main piece of evidence that define Machiavelli more influential than any artist to the renaissance period. Machiavellis most well known work The Prince became the best source to view of how politics works and it remains used by political thinker in the modern world. Sir Francis Bacon once wrote, We are much beholden to Machiavelli and others, that write what men do, and not what they ought to do. This means that Machiavelli wrote about political reality unlike political theories and how the government should be run. Seeing how our political world is run changed how the people viewed the government. Machiavellis realization allowed the future political theorists of the modern world to evaluate politics. It is unknown whether or not Machiavelli wrote The Prince to gain political appointment or out of a need for self-therapy. Nonetheless he was able to synthesize the traditional with the innovative unlike any other political philosopher of his time. In addition to Machiavellis political theories he is also very innovative in his writing style. A man clearly from the Renaissance Machiavelli clearly left his mark on history as a well-known and studied writer. Firstly his place Mandragola is often categorized as one of the most well written plays in the Italian language. Furthermore he wrote an essay called On Language. The essay includes principles on the science of semantics. This is one of the first written pieces to contain information on this topic. In recent years management theorists have been responsive to the fact that Machiavelli predicted the need for management theorist and also in developing guidelines applicable to deal with conflicts with business executives. Military theorists often reflect Machiavellis innovative warfare tactics and theories. A man of physical action at the age of 29 in 1498, Machiavelli accepted the position in Florence. His position was entrusted with diplomatic missions to local and other European courts. His position required great diplomacy and a substantial amount of understanding of European politics. Furthermore he involved himself in establishing the Florentine Militia. Due to the constant warfare of the shifting nations, while in office Machiavelli handled with military affairs. He had a substantial amount of practical experience with military matters. Frederick Taylor notes that Machiavelli is an important individual in the history of military theories. He notes: Machiavelli is the first secular writer to attempt to allot to the practice of arms its place among the collective activities of mankind, to define its aims, and to regard it as a means to an end. His book the Art of War published in 1521 it was the third of his major works in time. The book was thought to be technical. His theoretical point of view is dedicated to Lorenzo de Medici. Machiavelli confirms the unity of a countrys civil and military life. Today, people who think of only a civil life do not accept this. He states that the military and civil life of a nation is inseparable therefore a necessary moment in history. Some may argue that the Reformation religious leaders such a John Calvin or Martin Luther have a greater influence in history than Machiavelli. Martin Luther remains only a leader of the Reformation era through Roman Catholic or Protestant. Even in his own time John Calvins influence was no comparison to Martin Luther. Catholic leaders spent the reformation reacting to Martin Luther. Luthers influence is not equivalent to Machiavellis. Luthers influence was only concerned to Christianity, which has become less present to financial and political affairs concerning the modern western civilization. The Prince remains today a large influence on the political and financial operations of our modern world. The opinions on politics and political leaders that Machiavelli had would have a substantial influence on how future political leaders would run their countries. Secondly his influence in comparison to artist of his time is much larger. Additionally as demonstrated in his book The Prince the opinions that he had on how the government is run would alter how governments in the future would be run. Moreover the writing style that he adapted gave him a renowned name for himself and would be adapted by future writers. Due to his military experience Machiavellis tactics and style of military presented to make him be a noteworthy individual in modern western civilization. played its toll in shaping our world today. Lastly Machiavellis influence on the reformation would not be match worthy to any other reformation leader..

The Character of Sebastian in Shakespeares Twelfth Night: Essay

The Character of Sebastian in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night:      Ã‚  Ã‚   Sebastian's presence in William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night: or What You Will is a vexation. More pointedly, it is his sudden marriage to Olivia which troubles me so. Was he written in to give a parallel storyline between Olivia and Viola? Was he a convenient way to have a double wedding, which Shakespeare seemed to prefer for his happy endings? Or, could there be some other meaning to Sebastian?    The last day of the Christmas season is January 6, the feast of the Epiphany, when Christ was revealed to the world in the personage of the Magi. The evening before is called Twelfth Night, the most "riotous" holiday of the year for Elizabethans (Singman 61). Supposedly, the classes changed places for the day. Servants lorded over their masters; higher order clergy served the lowly priests; children were free of rules. Shakespeare wrote Twelfth Night probably in 1600, and performed it on January 6, 1601 for Queen Elizabeth and her guests, one of which was Don Virginio Orsino, Duke of Bracciano (Halliday 154). F. E. Halliday believes it possible that Shakespeare changed the name of the Duke of Illyria to Orsino in tribute to Don Orsino (155).    Twelfth Night was based on Barnabe Riche's story of Apollonius and Silla. Silla falls in love with Apollonius and follows him back to Constantinople. She is shipwrecked, and is saved by clinging to a chest containing the lecherous captain's clothing. For safety, since her servant, Pedro, has drowned, she dons the men's clothing; calls herself Silvio after her twin brother; and goes into the service of Apollonius. Apollonius asks her to woo Julina for him, but Julina falls in love with Sill... ...tic, Golden Comedies.    WORKS CITED Bloom, Harold. Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human. New York: Riverhead Books-Penguin Putnam, 1998. Halliday, F.E. Shakespeare. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1961. Riche, Barnabe. "Apollonius and Silla." Riche: His Farewell to  Ã‚   Military Profession. 1581. William Shakespeare: Four Comedies.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ed. David Bevington. Toronto: Bantam-Scott, Foresman and     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Company,   1988. 524-546. Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. Ed. David Bevington.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Toronto: Bantam-Scott, Foresman and Company, 1988. 283-377.   Twelfth Night. Ed. David Bennington. Toronto: Bantam-Scott, Foresman   and Company, 1998. 427-517. Singman, Jeffrey L. Daily Life in Elizabethan England. Greenwood Press.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Daily Life Through History" series. Westport, CT: Greenwood  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Press, 1995.   

Home Decision

Woven Shivers It is really nice to have an investment of your own, especially when the money comes from your own pocket (2012, First Time Home Buyers). Like for example, one of the best investments that a person could have in their life is to have his or her own home, a home that he or she could call their own. When It comes to purchasing a car, new home or even clothing you must weigh the benefits and cost properly so that you do not lead yourself down a path of financial ruins.While the idea of purchasing new home Is very excellent, It can also sometimes be overwhelming. A significant amount of time for consideration and evaluations Is necessary when making a major purchase such as buying a new home. Purchasing a home can have severe financial repercussions, thus making the decision to purchase a new home a daunting and challenging choice, so when making a large financial decision, the basic principles of economics along with one's relative needs you must closely assess.Many of the decisions we make as consumers directly relate to the current state of the economy. While the search for a new home continues, a couple of key principles should be used and will prove to be rather helpful to the new homemaker. Comparing marginal costs with marginal benefits while weighing out the disadvantages and advantages of the purchase Is included In this process (NAB, 2011). As homeowners have testified, a couple of key principles will contribute to this life-changing decision. Trade-offs† Is one of the principles you will face before and after your purchase. That meaner that there Is a cost for everything. When a major purchase decision Is made nonusers definitely have to give up another thing that they equally like such as a new car, vacation, other major purchases, or savings and investment. Trade-offs exist for almost every decision contemplated, but in the real estate market, trade-offs can be serious when money is the concern.Neither buyer nor seller wants to lose money in one of the biggest transactions they will ever complete. You can make better decisions when you realize that life has tradeoffs. The cost of what one decides to buy is equivalent to the cost of what one gives up for it. Choosing entails riding off a target against another and is a fundamental Issue of the decision- making process. In order to purchase a beautiful home, one will have to sacrifice â€Å"opportunity cost†; for Instance, I have to cut-down on Individual costs like entertainment, clothing and food.When you have to choose one thing over another then you have to make do without the benefits of that which you do not have. You have to compare the cost and benefits of what you have to make the best choice. For graduate more opportunities begin for a better paying Job. However, in this market he opportunity cost is typically minimal because the buyer can simply find another home that meets his or her needs. Cost is not a matter of dollars and cents; it also re presents what we must give up to get something else.In reality, we do not always make decisions that are all or nothing. Some choices are made based on â€Å"marginal changes†. When we think of purchasing a home one must compare the marginal cost of purchasing a home. Amortization is a marginal cost, will the payments be an addition to what you are already paying if you are renting. The difference in the mount is marginal cost. You must also consider the mortgage insurance cost, as a result, of purchasing a home. Will the house be bigger, adding more room for your growing family?Will utilities be higher? Other marginal cost to be considered would be; the cost of moving, your travel time, the expense of gas and mileage on your car, which is associated with your travel time, if your new home is further away from your place of work compared to your current apartment. The maintenance cost of a new home must be considered because the owner of a home is solely responsible of aging sure their home is maintained and secure. Consider all of the benefits and costs that a home presents. What might a year of security monitoring cost?Assign a value to benefits or costs that do not have an explicit price tag. The benefits of living closer to the Job could be calculated as more pay for work from extra hours that would otherwise be spent commuting from a home further away. Your optimal goal is to find a home in which the total benefit, marginal and otherwise, exceeds the total cost. While one considers the marginal cost, you must also consider the benefits. Consider the marginal benefits of owning your own home. The tax shield with renting an apartment, and we must compare the marginal benefits (the Joy) of owing your own home.The tax break and financial security of owning a home are essential in appreciating the purchase off new home. In a decision to purchase a home you must carefully analyze the cost and benefits in order to make the most rational decision for your family. Investments can sometimes be confusing, especially on real estate. One must always be careful when investing in the purchase off new home cause this is not Just money it is your hard-earned dollars you will be investing and unlike a pair of shoes you can't return it if you don't like it.The economy plays a major role in the decision to purchase a new home. If the economy has recovered fully or still at a low point, one thing is for sure, your finances must be secure no matter the rates. The economy is made up of different factors such as trading, exporting and importing, unemployment, house market and inflation. The economy plays such an important role because home prices are usually very high and will quire a substantial down payment, (most lenders require around 3. 5% of the value of the home), which may sometimes deplete your savings.The demand for houses is considered highly price elastic. Economic theories state that the larger the proportion of income a certain purchas e requires the more price elastic the demand will be. Your lender will explain that your house payment should not exceed more than one third of your monthly income. You, as the buyer, should have an understanding, as it will require the spending of a large proportion of your income, so this will inconsiderably lower your purchasing power when you decide to make the purchase of program if unemployment falls to under 7 percent. Unemployment is projected to reach 6. percent in 2014, according to the Feeds projections. Currently, unemployment stands at 7. 6 percent (Brenan, 2013). Brenan said that if the economy continues to show improvement the Fed will â€Å"ease the pressure on the accelerator†. The Fed has kept interest rates low to stimulate the economy and the low rates have helped boost housing affordability. The federal government will adjust accordingly if the economy veers from projections. The housing sector is looking a little better so the state and local governments are in a position where they do not have to lay off many workers.That meaner that the economy is improving. Domestic economy is the made up of several components such as government spending, trade, level of consumption and investments. The strength of the economy is affected by changes in these components. Domestic economy and international trade play an important role in affecting the economy. If government spending increases, it will help the GAP (growth domestic product). Because of this, we have economic growth in which will increase Jobs and wages but if the government spending decreases, the effect is contraction.This is somewhat of a ripple effect because it reduces the GAP, which thus reduces the level of income and number of jobs in the economy. International trade affects the countries balance and trade. We make choices daily based on the benefits. We have the freedom to want whatever but the resources to obtain that is limited. In our day-to-day life, we use several prin ciples to make decisions. We often-times make choices by realizing what SST be given up to gain something else or something better.Studies show that once consumers buy a home, get a mortgage and have a positive experience owning, they wanted to continue to own. In a study concerns about affordability both for the home purchase itself and upkeep was a major factor that discouraged renters from taking the plunge (Tara Bernard, 2012). A personal example off decision in which I compared marginal benefits and marginal costs associated with the decision was the time I decided that I was not happy in my Job and that the only way for me to et a better Job would be to go back to college to earn my degree.The reason I wanted to earn a college degree was for better Job advancement and better Job opportunities. Financially, the rate of return made my decision easy. In addition, college graduates enjoy better health, save greater percentage of their income; improve quality of life for them and t heir family (Sweatier, DCE. 2011). The marginal costs of my decision was the time and effort it took to complete course work, time away from family, the commuting and the stress of starting back to school at my GE after years of not attending.The incentives that would have led me to make a different decision might have been a Job in my field of expertise, more and better Job opportunities and more opportunities that did not require a college degree. After looking over all of the pro and cons of buying a house in the current market, I have concluded that it is the perfect time to purchase a home for my family and l. The government has been influenced by the recession to increase incentives for recurring as well as new buyers, in addition to low interest rates, and the large amount of repertoires to choose from.If the market were balanced, unemployment was at an all-time low and inflation was not so high, I believe I would not be able to afford the dropped to comparable prices, then I feel I would not be able to afford the over- priced properties. For new home buyers, the tax credit is a great incentive; without it, I wouldn't even consider buying a new home. Therefore, I am only able to buy a new home in this economy and be able to take full advantage of the incentives which comes along with the market, while making the best use of my marginal benefits and re worth all of the subsidiary costs.

Hydrological Ecosystem Services Modelling

Hydrologic theoretical accounts are necessary to interpret climatic forcing ( rainfall and temperature ) to lake rainfall, vaporization, and watershed influx. It is defined by Maidment ( 2000 ) as â€Å"a mathematical representation of the flow of H2O and its constituents on some portion of the land surface or subsurface environment† . There are different tools for Water Resource Management characterised as: a ) Hydrologic Models ( physical procedures ) that simulate river basin hydrologic processes ( H2O balance, rainfall-runoff, lake simulation, watercourse H2O quality theoretical accounts, etc. ) and b ) Water Resource Models ( physical and direction ) that simulate current and future supply/demand of system, runing regulations and policies, environmental impacts, hydroelectric production and Decision Support Systems ( DSS ) for policy interaction. Hydrological theoretical accounts are usually designed for stationary conditions, but they are used under conditions of alterat ion in clime alteration surveies ( Xu et al. , 2005 ) . To measure the variableness of surface H2O and groundwater resources over selected Iberian river basins several different plans can be used. Modelling is now a common tool in the field of hydrological research, and a rapid development of computational power, the ability to pattern the natural H2O rhythm has progressed tremendously over the recent decennaries. Considerable attempt has been expended on developing improved catchment hydrological theoretical accounts for gauging the effects of clime alteration ( Arnell and Liu, 2001 ) . Many new techniques and methodological analysiss have been raised to ease the river basin research. For illustration, the usage of GIS, remote feeling techniques, rainfall-runoff modeling, assorted patterning appraisals, H2O quality appraisals, river basin hydrology and so on. A quantitative analysis of river discharge is the base for all other fluxes researches like foods or H2O eroding modeling. However, the methodological analysis of quantitative analy sis or discharge modeling is really different from part to part. Although the construct of the hydrologic rhythm is simple, the phenomena are tremendously complex and intricate. The hydrological theoretical accounts are developed to analyze the future impacts of clime and socio-economic alterations on catchment hydrology and hence, the standardization and proof of the preexisting regionalised attacks demands to be carried over a sufficiently broad scope of catchment conditions such that the attack stays within or shut to the standardization scope. Water flat fluctuations during extremum flow season and H2O deficit or dry periods creates more informations uncertainness. Of major concern is the decrease in low flows and lowered groundwater degrees, which might take to H2O deficits, particularly during summer periods ( Arnell and Liu, 2001 ) . Normally low flow rivers are ignored by the establishments to enter river flow and put in adequate gauging Stationss in the water parting. However in the absence of perfect cognition, they may be represented in a simplified manner by agencies of the systems construct. Water allotment modeling has received considerable attending in the recent yesteryear by the scientific community for the analysis of H2O utilizations by all viing sectors. For illustration, an economic theoretical account is developed by Bielsa and Duarte ( 2001 ) for apportioning H2O between two viing sectors, irrigation and hydropower in NE Spain. Babel et al. , ( 2005 ) developed a simple synergistic incorporate H2O allotment theoretical account ( IWAM ) , which can help the contrivers and determination shapers in optimum allotment of limited H2O from a storage reservoir to different user sectors, sing socio-economic, environmental and proficient aspects.Water allotment mold is sort of a river basin direction determination support system ( DSS ) designed as a computer-aided tool for developing improved basin broad planning. Analysis is carried out for H2O balance of the river basins under different degrees of H2O users and determines the H2O allotment in the basin. 2.3 Ecosystem services patterning Hydrological procedures have been identified as presenting ecosystem services that are cardinal to both human wellbeing and the care of biodiversity. However, patterning the connexions between landscape alterations and hydrologic procedures is non simple. Sophisticated theoretical accounts of these connexions and associated procedures ( such as the WEAP theoretical account ) are resource and informations intensive and require significant expertness. Freshwater ecosystems provide society with the indispensable services of H2O supply for its nutriment, economic activity, and diversion, every bit good as home ground for its fresh water piscary. The WaterGAP theoretical account, used by Alcamo et Al. ( 2003a, 2003b ) to quantify freshwater-related ecosystem services, computes H2O handiness on a grid and river basin graduated table by taking into history precipitation/snowmelt, vaporization, groundwater storage and overflow. The theoretical account estimates future H2O backdowns harmonizing to alterations in income, population, and electricity demand. Other similar tools include Advanced Terrestrial Ecosystem Analysis and Modelling ( ATEAM ) , ( Schroter et al. , 2005 ) , Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services ( ARIES ) ( Bagstad et al. , 2011 ; Villa et al. , 2011 ) , EcoAIM, Eco Metrix, Ecosystem Services Review ( ESR ) , LUCI ( Jackson et al. , 2013 ) , ES Value, and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs ( InVEST ) . Ecosystem services theoretical account, Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs ( InVEST ) developed by Natural Capital Project, theoretical accounts for quantifying, function, and valuing the benefits provided by tellurian, fresh water and marine systems. InVEST is designed to inform determinations about natural resource direction. Decision-makers, from authoritiess to non-profits to corporations, frequently manage lands and Waterss for multiple utilizations and necessarily must measure tradeoffs among these utilizations ; InVEST’s multi-service, modular design provides an effectual tool for measuring these tradeoffs ( InVEST user guide, 2.4.4, 2012 ) . Models are needed to expect ecosystem prostrations so that policies can be developed to avoid or accommodate to these prostrations. The MA’s Conditions and Trends Report ( 2005 ) besides points out the demand for â€Å"both conceptual and quantitative theoretical accounts that can get down to give both scientific and policy communities advance warning of when the capacity of systems is get downing to be eroded, or thresholds likely to be reached.† Soil eroding is one of the biggest jobs in connexion with agricultural patterns in many parts of the universe. It is required to develop a streamlined procedure in which dirt loss appraisal and the measure of transported deposit are calculated to place possible bad countries of dirt eroding. Erosion and deposit are natural procedures that contribute to healthy ecosystems, but excessively much may hold terrible effects. The magnitude of sediment conveyance in a water parting is determined by several factors. Natural fluctuation in dirt belongingss, precipitation forms, and incline create forms of eroding and deposit overflow. Vegetation holds dirt in topographic point and gaining controls sediment traveling overland. The Sediment Retention theoretical account provides the user with a tool for ciphering the mean one-year dirt loss from each package of land, finding how much of that dirt may get at a peculiar point of involvement, gauging the ability of each package to retain deposit, a nd measuring the cost of taking the accrued deposit. 2.4 Decision devising tools Decision Support Systems ( DSS ) are considered the best tool for nearing an incorporate analysis of H2O direction. Such systems apply ground similar to that of a human being, who is the expert in the topic ( Stevens, 1984 ) . These systems are provided with informations from many diverse beginnings of information, including experimental consequences, field study informations, and even those obtained from traditional theoretical accounts. Current tools range from simple dispersed sheet theoretical account to complex package bundles. If they are flexible plenty for usage in diverse determination contexts and can be affordably applied, they could moderately be incorporated into public and private-sector environmental determination doing on a everyday footing ( Bagstad et al. , 2013 ) . However, the development of decision-support tools that integrate ecology, economic sciences, and geographics to back up determination devising is a more recent phenomenon ( Ruhl et al. , 2007 ; Daily et al. , 2009 ) . Furthermore, there are besides several commercial package bundles, specifically designed for each type of DSS. DSSs can be either stochastic or deterministic, depending on whether or non they deal with procedures incorporating a grade of uncertainness. Stakeholders’ penchants could bring forth utile information in prioritizing and developing better H2O resource direction programs and besides avoid maximal struggles. The Analytic Hierarchy Process ( AHP ) is a process for depicting elements of a job hierarchically. AHP was used to work out the multi-criteria decision-making job of alternate H2O supply for Francoli river basin. The job is divided into smaller parts and the process guides determination shapers through a series of pair-wise comparing that gives the comparative importance of the elements in the hierarchy. Decision support systems are non merely of import but besides rather complex and is in demand of systems that facilitate more consistent and effectual strategic determinations.

Did the Indian Mutiny of 1857 Create the British Raj?

Did the Indian Mutiny of 1857 create the British Raj? The Indian Rebellion of 1857, which was also called the Indian Mutiny, or the War of Independence was a turning point in the history of Britain in India. However, whether this lead to the formation of the British Raj, will be explicitly explored in this essay. The East India Company traded in cotton, silk, tea and opium. They won over Bengal after gaining victory in the Battle of Plassey in 1757, under Robert Clive.The East India Company functioned as the military authority in growing sections of India, as well. By 1770, heavy taxation and other policies had left millions of Bengalis deprived. While British soldiers and traders made their fortunes, the Indians starved. Between 1770 and 1773, about 1/3 of the population died from famine. At this time, Indians also were barred from high office in their own land, which meant people like Robert Clive had more opportunities and privileges. The British considered them inherently corrupt and untrustworthy.The Company began to vigorously expand its area of control in India, making it easier for young aristocrats from Britain to exploit its potential. The British felt there were two positive economic benefits provided by the India. It was a captive market for British goods and services, and served defence needs by maintaining a large standing army at no cost to the British taxpayer. Amongst these benefits were the large scale capital investments in railways, canals and irrigation works, shipping and mining; the commercialisation of agriculture and the establishment of an education system in English.This emphasised law and order creating suitable conditions for the growth of industry and enterprise; and the integration of India into the world economy. Conversely, the British Raj are criticised for leaving Indians poorer and more prone to devastating famines; exhorting high taxation in cash from penniless people. Also, draining Indian revenues to pay for an army beyond India's own defence needs and servicing a huge debt. This was the result of the economic power left in British hands. In 1784, the Board of Control was established, this gave British Parliament he right to oversee all aspects of the East India Company. The Governor General managed the Board of Control, he was was appointed by the British Government, this meant that the British had control over the east India Company, giving them the power to impose restrictions on certain prospects. There was a great deal of racial distrust between the British and Indians living in India at the time of the British Raj. Moreover, many Indians despised the English, they felt that they were only concerned about their own Industrial Growth this made them uneasy with the new ‘Alien Rule'.Many were unhappy with the rapid cultural changes imposed by the British. They worried that Hindu and Muslim would be ‘Christianized', mainly by the missionaries. There is some truth to these statement, but there were a number of other underlying causes for the rebellion. The Indian soldiers were believed to be under a ‘double rule', both a military and religious rule, which meant the two often came into conflict, causing them vast problems. One of these problem was the cause of The Great Rebellion.The main reason the Indian Sepoys mutinied against their British commanders was because they had heard that the newly issued rifle cartridges were greased with pig and cow fat, making them unacceptable for both Hindu and Muslim soldiers. This led to a monumental outbreak, as the Muslims and Hindus rebelled ceaselessly. What started as a small conflicting group of Indian soldiers from a single regiment, soon expanded to a vast number of Indian Sepoys fighting for their integrity and freedom.Following the Indian Mutiny, the East India Company was abolished by Act of Parliament and the British crown assumed full rule of India. The British used violence and negotiation to put an end to the Uprising, resorting to merciless tactics to restore order. This created resentment, opportunity for revenge and long-term problems. They used fear to breed control, which was very disorderly. The British dispatched more troops to India and eventually succeeded in putting down the mutiny. Many sepoys who had surrendered were executed by British troops.To ensure that British rule could never be threatened in such a way again the Indian Army was reorganised so that it needed its British components to function effectively. Alternatively, the British should have dealt with this issue in a more political and diplomatic way, instead of as an act of vengeance. The conflicts of 1857 and 1858 were brutal and bloody, The bitter legacy of murder and mutilation of atrocities committed by both sides circulated in newspapers and illustrated magazines in Britain, poisoning relationships for decades.The Government of India act 1935 gave Indian provinces more independence. For the first time direct elections were introduced and the right to vote was increased from seven million to thirty-five million. The British government never actually intended to take control of India, but when British interests were threatened the government had to step in. The embodiment of the new British rule in India was the office of the Viceroy. British rule from the time after the mutiny is often called the Raj.During this period small amount of British officials and troops (about 20,000) ruled over 300 million Indians. This was often seen as evidence that most Indians accepted and even approved of British rule. Undoubtedly, Britain could not have controlled India without the co-operation of Indian princes and local leaders, as well as huge numbers of Indian troops and many others. Moreover, British rule of India was maintained by the fact that Indian society was so divided that it could not unite against the British.In fact, the British encouraged these divisions. The British embarked on a furious policy of â€Å"Divide and Rule†, fomenting religious hatred as never before. The better-off classes were educated in English schools. They served in the British army or in the civil service. They effectively joined the British to rule their poorer fellow Indians. For much of the 1800s the average Indian peasant had no more say in the way they were ruled than did the average worker in the United Kingdom.The British view tended to portray British rule as a charitable exercise – they suffered India's environment (climate, diseases) and in return they bought India a good government and economic development (railways, irrigation, medicine). On the other hand, Ruling India brought huge benefits to Britain. India's huge population made it an attractive market for British industry. In the 1880s, about 20% of Britain's total exports went to India. By 1910 these exports were worth ? 137 million.India also exported huge quantities of goods to Britain, especially tea, which was drunk or exported on from Britain to other countries. Then there were the human resources. The Indian army was probably Britain's single greatest resource. Around 40% of India's wealth was spent on the army. This army was used by Britain all over the world, including the First and Second World Wars. It was the backbone of the power of the British empire. In 1901, the British viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, said ‘As long as we rule India, we are the greatest power in the world.If we lose it we shall straight-away drop to a third rate power'. Overall, I have a mixed opinion on whether that Indian Mutiny of 1857 did actually create the British Raj. They used the same tactics the East India Company used, divide and conquer. They broke India up into small kingdoms and put a native Raj in power over that Kingdom. In this way no Raj had enough power to challenge British Rule. Therefore, I have come to the conclusion that the Indian Mutiny did in fact contribute towards strengthening t he British Raj, yet did not ultimately create it.